501 Theoretical Flashcards
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anthropological Archaeology | - Emphasis on cultural process approached via systems theory |
| Conjunctive Approach | - TAYLOR - holistic view through a combination of efforts. - taking into account the full range of a culture system when trying to explain it. |
| Post-Colonial Archaeology | - basically anything done after the colonial period - part of an attempt to understand the ethics & politics of archaeology |
| Contextual Archaeology | - asks about context (location/associations) to infer human behavior or activity that led to the deposition of artifact. - insights into social organization & status differences. - context can help answer questions about function etc. |
| Neo-Darwinian Archaeology | SELECTONISM - inheritance, mutation, selection, drift. - long-term evolutionary trends through human history. - application to cultural processes attributes = genes - process producing cultural stability & change similar to biology natural selection & cultural dimensions. |
| N & C Formation Processes | - SCHIFFER - site formation processes - culturally or naturally created |
| Phenomenological Archaeology | - HUSSERL - study of human experience & consciousness in everyday life linked w/landscape archaeology |
| Semiotics | - PIERCE - signs, symbols, & how we understand them |
| Structuration Theory | - GIDDENS - connecting agency & structure - agents relation to social structure - constrained by environment (pre-existing structure - contextual rules) but pursue social actions change by agents |
| Structuralist Archaeology | - LEVI-STRAUSS - systems & signs underlaid by structure (dualism) - characterizing archaeological record. → ↑ |
| Practice Theory | - understand the multiple issues of the whole - structure = rules - performance = agents - strategy - everyday actions relationship to structure |
| Agency Theory | - NOT free will - acknowledgement that individuals act intentionally |
| Neo - Marxist Archaeology | - agency - long-term social change dynamic - materialism - denied priority of infrastructure over super structure. - relationships between social classes - men made by & make own history |
| Spatial Archaeology | quantitative study of distribution patterns (GIS) |
| Interpretive Archaeology | - interpretation rather than explanation (processual focus) - data is subjective |
| Hermeneutics | - interpretive archaeology - to & fro between data & theory. - find best fit for data because we our subjective - how meaning is achieved through interpretation |
| Middle-Range Theory | - linking artifacts to culture. - means of interpreting data - leading to general laws - the facilitator to reach high level theories (general systems, laws) - trying to use processes to reach general theory |
| Gender Archaeology | - study of roles, activities, ideologies & identities of gender & the differences therein - critique |
| Environmental Archaeology | - study of the relationship between humans & their NATURAL environment through time. - ecofacts - pollen analysis - human engagement - not cultural - w/nature |
| Cognitive Archaeology | - RENFREW - material objects symbolic of concepts - human engagement with material world a decisive processes concepts precede symbols - material expression of human thought |
| Symbolic Archaeology | - looking at secondary meanings - symbols as a function of info exchange. ★ material culture as a text ★ |
| Systems Theory | - system - subsystems - system as a living society - not static find underlying rules that govern behavior - coherent approaches about behavior & development - how does a system function ☓ individual overlooked & underplayed by general system ☓ |
| Behavioral Archaeology | ARTIFACTS VS. FITNESS - process that produced archaeological record. - formation processes - methods to understand past/present behavior - N & C, ethnoarchaeology, experimental - reconstruct ⇒ explain - processes to infer behavior - SCHIFFER |
| Ecological Approach | - STEWARD - study of the processes people/society adapt to the environment - cultural regularities based - but not determined - by environment - multi-linear evolution |
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