Pathology Midterm (Cell Injury)
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Created by:
SteveSisk87 on February 11, 2012
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Deficiency, intoxication, trauma | Three categories of cell injury |
| Primary nutrient deficiency | Something essential is missing from food we eat Pellagra dermatitis due to no Vit B3 Scurvy due to no Vit C Beriberi due to no Vit B1 |
| Pellagra dermatitis | Lack of Vit B3 |
| Beriberi | Lack of Vit B1 (thiamin) |
| Secondary nutrient deficiency | Essential component is present in food but cannot be absorbed Pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor to absorb B12 |
| Pernicious anemia | Lack of intrinsic factor prevents absorption of B12 |
| Genetic defects | Production of enzymes needed for metabolism of cell leads to impairment of cellular metabolism |
| Intoxication | Presence of a substances that interferes with cell function Toxin/poison |
| Exogenous | These toxins originate outside the cell Have 3 sources |
| Infection, chemicals, overdose of medication | Three sources of exogenous toxins |
| CCl4 | Powerful poison for hepatocytes |
| Genetic factors, ionizing radiation, accumulation of by-products | Three sources of endogenous toxins |
| Alkaptonuria | Intermediate of phenylalanine metabolism (homogenistic acid) accumulates in tissues due to inability to synthesize enzyme needed to break it down Results in ochronosis Urine turns black after 30-40 seconds Accumulation of homocystein leads to atherosclerosis (can be prevented by Vit B6, B12, folic acid) |
| Homogenistic acid | In alcaptonuria, accumulation of this results in ochronosis |
| Homocystein | In alkaptonuria, accumulation of this leads to atherosclerosis |
| Endogenous genetic | Alkaptonuria is what type of toxin source? |
| Phenylketonuria | Missing enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine Phenylalanine is converted to ketones (phenylacetic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid) Results in abnormal brain development and sour smell |
| Endogenous genetic | Phenylketonuria is what type of toxin source? |
| Ochronosis | Severe degeneration of the cartilage of the vertebral column and calcification of the IVD's Associated with Alkaptonuria |
| Ionizing radiation | Type of endogenous toxin Produces free radicals DNA, cell proteins, and membrane lipids most vulnerable |
| Accumulation of by-products | Type of endogenous toxin Low concentrations of metabolites are safe, but too much is toxic Uric acid crystals in gout |
| Direct contact | A type of trauma cell injury Direct impact to the cell/mechanical injury |
| Hypothermia | A type of trauma cell injury Cytoplasm becomes frozen into ice crystals which mechanically injure the cell When frozen, cytoplasm expands and the cell membrane is ripped (frostbite) |
| Hyperthermia | A type of trauma cell injury Proteins are denatured at high temperatures They coagulate and damage the cell Caused by fire, electrical current, and ionizing radiation |
| Microorganisms/parasites | Type of trauma cell injury Development of these in cells can result in rupture or modification of cells so they become considered non-self by the immune system Ex Malaria plasmodium in RBCs |
| Malaria plasmodium | This microorganism lives in RBCs Grow and rupture the cells causing massive anemia |
| Mechanical pressure | Type of trauma cell injury Leads to atrophy May be caused by tumors, aneurysms, diverticulum, and high intensity sounds |
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