Exam 1
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kdolan1025 on February 11, 2012
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Chapters 1, 2, & 3
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106 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 marriage | an emotional and legal commitment of two people to share emotional and physical intimacy, various tasks, and economic resources |
| family | two or more people who are committed to each other and who share intimacy, resouces, decision-making responsibilties, and values; people who love and care for each other |
| social environment | all the factors in society, both positive and negative, in society that impact individuals and their relationships, such as mass media, the Internet, changing gender roles, and growing urban crowding |
| stress | the body and mind's reaction to life; the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it |
| gender role | the traits and behaviors assigned to males and females in a culture |
| ethnic groups | a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are transmitted from generation to generation |
| cultural groups | a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation |
| race | the common physical characteristics of a group -a problematic concept that is being dropped from scientific and popular use |
| ethnic identity | the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture; cultural identity transcends ethnic identity |
| cultural identity | a feeling of belonging that evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people; the structure of the group's marital, sexual, and kinship relationships |
| cultural competence | the ability to be effective in working with a variety of cultural groups. This ability involves awareness, knowledge, and skills |
| conjugal family system | a family consisting of a husband, a wife, and children; also called a nuclear family |
| consanguineal family system | a family system that emphasizes blood ties more than marital ties |
| gay and lesbian families | same-sex couples, such as two men or two women, develop an intimate, caring, loving relationship and include children in that relationship |
| kinship | the relatedness of certain individuals within a group. Cultures have norms and expectations that structure and govern kin behavior |
| nuclear family | a kinship group in which a husband, a wife, and their children live together in one household; also called a conjugal family system |
| extended family | a nuclear family and those related to its members of blood, such as aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents |
| egalitarian group | in these types of groups, the ideals of democracy prevail and the rights and perspectives of both genders and all generations are respected |
| extended-family system | one of the four major components of the sociocultural context in which families live; focuses on the degree of importance relatives outside the nuclear family have on the family's life |
| etic perspective | the analysis of a society from the outside; points out differences |
| emic perspective | the analysis of a society from the inside; points out similarities |
| polygamy | a marriage in which a man or a woman has more than one husband; a plural marriage |
| polygyny | a plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife |
| polyandry | a plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband |
| pseudo-kin group | a type of kinship group in which relationships resembling kinship ties develop among "unrelated" individuals |
| patrilineal society | a society in which descent, or lineage, is traced through males |
| patriarchal group | a group in which the father or eldest male is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe. Descent is traced through this man. |
| patrilocal society | a society that encourages newly married couples to live with or near the husband's kin, especially his father's kinship group |
| prejudice | negative judgement or opinion having nor or limited basis in fact; hostility to a person or a group based on physical characteristics |
| monogamy | a relationship in which a man or a woman has only one mate |
| matrilineal society | a society in which descent, or lineage, is traced through females |
| matriarchal group | a group in which the mother or eldest female is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe. Descent is traced through this woman. |
| matrilocal society | a society that encourages newly married couples to live with or near the wife's kin, especially her mother's kinship group |
| multiracial marriage | marriage between two people from two different cultural or ethnic groups |
| lineage | line of descent, influenced by cultural norms. Lineage determines membership in a kinship group, patterns of inheritance, and kinship obligations or responsibilties. |
| bilateral descent | a method of tracing the lineage of children equally through ancestors of both mother and father |
| neolocal society | in this type of group, norms encourage newly-married couples to establish a seperate, automonous residence, autonomous of either parther's kinship group |
| family cohesion | the togetherness or closeness of a family; one of the three dimensions of the Couple and Family Map |
| family flexibility | a family's ability to change and adapt in the face of stress or crisis; one of the three dimensions of the Couple and Family Map |
| family communication | interaction; sharing of thoughts and feelings; the facilitating dimension of the Couple and Family Map |
| social system | one of the four major components of the sociocultural context in which families live; encompasses the influence of the community, laws, economic resources, educational opportunities, and other external factors on the family |
| segregation | isolation of an ethnic group within the dominant culture |
| stereotype | a standardized, oversimplified, often foolish and mean-spirited view of someone or something |
| belief system | one of the four major components of the sociocultural context in which familes live, centering on religious/spiritual/ethical beliefs and other ideas about how to live successfully and happily in the world |
| cross-cultural family study | a research study focused on how cultural context influences family issues, among them, values and behaviors, courtship and marriage patterns, communication, roles, work and the family, childrearing patterns, and sexuality |
| ethnocentrism | the assumption that one's own culture is the standard by which to judge other cultures |
| assimilation | adopting the cultural traits and values of the dominant culture |
| acculturation | the intermeshing of cultural traits and values with those of the dominant culture |
| historical trauma | the loss, of things such as land, language, or culture, that results in loss of identity and social problems for individuals and families |
| racism | discrimination or prejudice based on the belief that people's physical characteristics determine their human capacities and behaviors and that groups of people with certain characteristics are inferior to others |
| conceptual framework | a set of interconnected ideas, concepts, and assumptions that helps organize thinking from a particular perspective. The field of family science includes a variety of major conceptual frameworks: family systems theory (or the family systems framework), the family strengths framework, the family development framework, the symbolic interaction framework, the social construction framework, and the feminist framework |
| closed system | a family system that has the capacity to maintain the status quo and avoids change; also called a morphostatic system |
| centrifugal interaction | behavior that pushes system components away from one another, decreasing the system's connectedness |
| centripetal interaction | behavior that pulls system components toward one another, resulting in the system's increasing connectedness |
| commitment | attachment to another. One of the six major qualities (commonly found in emotionally healthy families) identified by researchers working within the family strengths framework; also, the cognitive component of Sternberg's three dimensions of love |
| cohesion | the togetherness or closeness of a family; one of the three dimensions of the Couple and Family Map |
| Couple and Family Map | a graphic representation of dynmaic relationships within families, comprising three central dimensions: cohesion (togetherness), flexibility (ability to change), and communication (a facilitating dimension that helps families move between the extremes on the cohesion and flexibility dimensions). Identifies 16 types of family relationship. |
| theory | systematically organized knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances; especially, a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of specified set of phenomena |
| hypothesis | an assertion subject to verification or proof; a presumed relationship between variables |
| human ecosystem | a model showing how various human subsystems interrelate among each other. To really understand a specific family system, one also needs to consider the various system levels at influences and that influence it |
| research study | careful, systematic, and patient investigation in a field of knowledge to establish facts or principles, test hypotheses, or better understand processes |
| role | the expected behavior of a person or group in a given social category, such as husband, wife, supervisor, or teacher |
| role taking | the process whereby people learn how to play roles correctly by practicing and getting feeback from others |
| role making | the process of creating new roles or revising existing roles |
| idiographic approach | a theorectical approach that focuses on the study of individuals and individual differences |
| interdependence of parts | a characteristic of systems; the parts or elements of a system are interconnected in such a way that if one part is changed, other parts are automatically affected |
| instrumental role | according to the Parsons and Bales model of the modern family, the husband-father's role-being the breadwinner, the manager, and the leader of the family |
| nomothetic approach | a theorectical approach that focuses on developing a theory that works for a great number of cases. Researchers using this approach believe it is possible to develop a general family theory. |
| negative feedback | information or communication that is intended to minimize change in a system |
| eugenics | breeding to improve inherited characteristics |
| ecology | the study of how all the organisms in a system relate to one another |
| enjoyable time together | one of the six major qualities (commonly found in emotionally healthy families) identified by researchers working within the family strengths framework |
| emerging adulthood life course | a new stage of development between childhood and adulthood which is the age 18 to 25. This is a prolonged period of role exploration focusing on identity exploration |
| expressive role | according to Parsons and Bales model of the modern family, the wife-mother's role is to be expressive-caring from the emotional and well-being of the family, providing nuturing and comfort. |
| ecofeminism | politics that focuses on human beings' domination of nature |
| family systems theory | a conceptual framework that views everything that happens to any family member as having a impact on everyone else in the family, because family members are interconnected and operate as a group, or family system |
| family system | one of the four major components of the sociocultural context in which families live; focuses on the interconnectedness of family members |
| family strengths framework | a conceptual framework proposing that if researchers study only family problems, they will find only problems in families, but that if they are interested in family strengths, they must study strong families; indentifies six qualities that strong families commonly demonstrate: commitment, appreciation and affection, positive communication, enjoyable time together, spiritual well-being, and the ability to manage stress and crisis effectively |
| family development framework | a conceptual framework that focuses on how family members deal with roles and developmental tasks within the family unit as they move through the stages of their life cycle |
| flexibility | a family's ability to change and adapt in the face of stress or crisis; one of the three dimensions of the Couple and Family Map |
| feminist framework | a conceptual framework that emphasizes the value of women's perspectives on society and the family, that recognizes women's subordination, and that promotes change in that status |
| general systems theory | a set of principles and concepts that can be applied to all types of systems, living and nonliving |
| gender | the learned characteristics and behaviors associated with biological sex in a particular culture |
| system | a set of interconnected components that form a whole; what happens to one component affects all the other components |
| suprasystem | in the general systems theory, a large system that incorporates smaller subsystems |
| subsystem | in the general systems theory, a small system that is part of a larger suprasystem |
| spiritual well-being | one of the six major qualities (commonly found in emotionally healthy families) identified by researchers working within the family strengths framework |
| symbolic interaction framework | a conceptual framework that focuses on the internal perceptions of family members and examines how they learn roles and rules in society through interaction and shared meaning |
| social construction framework | a conceptual framework that proposes that human beings are profoundly immersed in the social world and that our understanding of this world and beliefs about this world are social products |
| multiple system levels | general systems theory holds that systems are embedded within other systems, layer upon layer |
| morphogenic system | a system that is open to growth and change; open system |
| morphostatic system | a system that has the capacity to maintain the status quo, thus avoiding change; closed system |
| midrange families | familes who are extreme on one dimension of the Couple and Family Map but balanced on the other dimension. There are eight midrange family types. For example, a family might be structurally enmeshed: extreme on cohesion (enmeshed) but balanced on flexibility (structured) |
| boundary | the line that both separate systems from and connect systems to each other. It implies a hierarchy of interconnected systems, each larger than the one before it |
| wholeness | a characteristic of systems; general systems theorists believe that the whole is more than the sum of its parts |
| open system | a family system that is open to growth and change; morphogenic system |
| positive feedback | information or communication that is intended to create change in a system |
| appreciation and affection | one of the six major qualities (commonly found in emtionally healthy families) identified by researchers working within the family strengths perspective |
| positive communication | one of the six major qualities (commonly found in emotionally healthy families) identified by researchers working from a family strengths perspective |
| ability to manage stress and crisis effectively | one of the six major qualities (commonly found in emotionally healthy families) identified by researchers working within the family strenghts framework |
| postmodernism | a belief system that emphasizes multiple perspectives or "truths." Postmodernists are extremely skeptical in regard to questions of truth, meaning, and historical interpretation. No objective, universal truth can be seen, once and for all, and readily agree upon. Instead, there is only collection of subjective truths shaped by the particular subcultures in which we live. These multiple subjective truths are constantly competing for our attention and allegiance |
| personification | the belief that everything one's partner does is a reflection on oneself; leads to attempts to control the partner's behavior |
| definition of the situation | the concept that a situation is based on a person's subjective interpretation; hence, people can have different views of the same situation |
| looking-glass self | the idea that you learn about yourself based on the feedback you receive from others |
| balanced families | families who fit into the four central categories of the Couple and Family Map: families who are flexibly connected, flexibly cohesive, structurally connected, or structurally cohesive |
| unbalanced families | families who fall at the extremes on both the flexibility and the cohesion dimensions of the Couple and Family Map; chaotically enmeshed, chaotically disengaged, rigidly enmeshed, or rigidly disengaged families |
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