Behavior Neuroscience test 2
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the two main parts of the nervous system? | the central and the peripheral nervous systems |
| What are the two main parts of the central nervous system? | the brain and the spinal chord |
| What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system? | the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems |
| What are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system? | the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems |
| The parasympathetic nervous system | the devision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage |
| The sympathetic nervous system | the devision of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal |
| What are the main segments of the spinal chord? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
| How many spinal nerves are there? | ... |
| What are two examples of spinal reflexes? | Patellar reflex and withdrawal reflex |
| Patellar reflex | The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. causing the foot to kick |
| Withdrawal reflex | A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain. |
| Myelencephalon | the medulla; the most caudal part of the hindbrain; contains cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation. |
| Cranial nerve nuclei | collections of cell bodies suspended within the white matter of the medula; their axons make up several of the cranial nerves serving the head and neck area, other nuclei manage essential functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure |
| Reticular Formation | A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal |
| Metencephalon | The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum |
| Pons | A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and the midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain; contains the vestibular nucleus, the cochlear nucleus, raphe nuclei, and the locus coeruleus |
| Vestibular Nucleus | A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the position and movement of the head from sensory structures in the ear |
| Cochlear Nucleus | A nucleus found in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear |
| Raphe Nuclei | Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal |
| Locus Coeruleus | A structure in the pons that participates in arousal |
| Cerebellum | A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, motor coordination, and cognition |
| Mesencephalon | the midbrain; division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain. includes the periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra, cerebral aqueduct, superior colliculi and the red nucleus. |
| Periaqueductal Grey | grey matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain |
| Substantia Nigra | Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basil ganglia of the forebrain |
| Cerebral Aqueduct | The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles |
| Superior Colliculi | A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes |
| Red Nucleus | A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal chord and the cerebellum |
| What are the two divisions of the forebrain? | The diencephalon and the telencephalon |
| Diencephalon | A division of the forebrain made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory |
| Hypothalamus | A structure in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system |
| Telencephalon | A division of the forebrain comprising the cerebral hemispheres |
| What are the major components of the basal ganglia? | Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus |
| Basal Ganglia | A collection of nucei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement |
| Where is the basal ganglia? | deep within the cerebral hemispheres |
| What are the major components of the limbic system? | hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, septal area, olfactory bulbs, parahippocampal gyrus, mammillary bodies, fornix |
| Limbic System | a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning |
| Where is the limbic system? | the forebrain |
| Golgi Stain | highlights entire neurons |
| Nissl Stain | highlights cell bodies |
| Weigert Stain | highlights pathways formed by myelinated axons though the cortex |
| What are the devisions of the cortex? | the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes |
| Frontal lobe functions | location of the primary motor cortex, planning of behavior, attention, and judgement; also contains broca's area |
| Parietal lobe functions | location of the primary somatosensory cortex: the highest level of processing for information about touch, pain, position, and temperature |
| Temporal lobe functions | location of the primary auditory cortex: provides processing of sound information |
| Occipital lobe functions | location of the primary visual cortex: provides processing of visual information |
| Dorsal horns/roots | grey matter in the spinal chord that contain sensory neurons |
| Ventral horns/roots | grey matter in the spinal chord that contain motor neurons that pass motor information on to the muscles; participate in either voluntary movement or spinal reflexes |
| Which cell type is more prominent in the brain? (neurons or glia?) | Glia; there are at least 10-50 glia for every neuron |
| What are the two major types of cells found in the nervous system? | neurons and glia |
| Neuron | a cell of the nervous system that is specialized for information processing and communication |
| Glia | cells in the nervous system that support the activity of neurons |
| Types of glia | Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, schwann cell, microglia |
| Astrocyte | located in the central nervous system; structural and nutritional support for neurons, isolation of the synapse, debris cleanup(potassium), blood-brain barrier, chemical signaling |
| Oligodendrocyte | located in the central nervous system; myelination of axons |
| Schwann cell | located in the peripheral nervous system; myelination of axons |
| Microglia | located in the central nervous system; debris cleanup |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of filaments that provide the internal structure of the neuron |
| What are the three major filaments that make up the cytoskeleton? | microtubules, neurofilaments, and microfilaments |
| Microtubules | responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters and other products to and from the cell body |
| Neurofilaments | neural fiber found in the cytoskeleton that is responsible for structural support |
| Microfilaments | may participate in the changing of the length and shape of axons and dendrites |
| Anterograde transport | movement of materials from the cell body of a neuron to the axon terminal along the microtubules |
| Retrograde transport | movement of materials from the axon terminal back to the cell body along the microtubules |
| What are two major functions of myelin? | the fatty material insulates the axon and boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling. allows our axons to be smaller in diameter leaving more room for neural tissue therefore more information processing. |
| Another function of myelin | reduces the energy requirements of neurons by decreasing the amount of work done by sodium-potassium pumps. |
| What is resting potential and its numeric value | the measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane when the cell is not processing information. measures about -70mV |
| Describe the ionic events in the generation of an action potential and its recovery to its resting potential | Once a cell's threshold is reached, 1) sodium channels open and Na+ rushes in. 2) potassium channels open near the peak of the action potential and K+ starts to leave the cell. 3) loss of K+ returns the cell back to resting potential. 4) sodium channels close 5) potassium channels close |
| Depolarization | movement of an electrical charge within a cell in a more positive direction |
| Hyperpolarization | movement of an electrical charge within a cell in a more negative direction |
| About how many neurons are found in the brain? | 100 billion |
| Electrical Synapse and one advantage | type of synapse in which a neuron directly affects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions from one cell to the other. Advantage: speed; they have nearly instantaneous communication between neurons |
| Chemical Synapse and one advantage | type of synapse in which messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by the release of chemical neurotransmitters. Advantage: can provide a much greater variety of messages (excitatory or inhibitory) |
| Exocytosis | the process in which vesicles fuse with the membrane of the axon terminal and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic gap |
| 7 steps of Exocytoses | 1) Action potential reaches axon terminal. 2) Calcium ion channels open, allowing Ca2+ ions in. 3) Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release from microtubules. 4) Synaptic vesicles fuse with axon membrane at release sites. 5) Vesicles open, releasing neurotransmitters into synaptic gap. 6) Vesicle material is recycled. 7) Vesicles either return to neuron cell body via retrograde transport or are refilled at axon terminal. |
| Ionotropic Receptor | a receptor protein in the postsynaptic membrane in which neurotransmitters bind to an ion channel, then the channel opens and ions pass through |
| Metabotropic Receptor | a protein structure in the postsynaptic membrane in which neurotransmitters bind to a receptor, the receptor releases a G protein which binds to an ion channel which causes the ion channel to open and let ions pass through |
| What are three main ways to inactivate a neurotransmitter? | Enzymatic deactivation, reuptake, and diffusion |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse |
| Example of neuromodulation | input from neuron c will increase the amount of neurotransmitter released by neuron a onto neuron b |
| Spatial summation | combined inputs from many synapses converge on the axon hillock, where an action potential will result if threshold is reached |
| Temporal summation | ability of a single high firing input to cause an action potential |
| Voltage-dependent channel | ion channel that opens or closes in response to the local electrical environment |
| Ligand-gated ion channel | ion channel in the neural membrane that responds to chemical to chemical messangers |
| How many spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs |
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