Chapter 8 Political Geography BL
Order by
90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong |
| Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| Bi-national state | 2 nations with in one state ex. canada---english and french speaking people |
| Multinational state | State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. |
| Boundary | vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface |
| Centripetal force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| Centrifugal force | Forces that tend to divide a country. |
| Cold War | The state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II. |
| City-state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. |
| Command economy | economic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy |
| Compact states | A state that possesses a rougly circular, oval or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. |
| Confederal system | an organization of states in which the states keep most of the power; joined by a central government |
| Consequent boundaries | the boundaries between states are set by ethical differences, especially those based on language and/or religion; also called cultural boundaries. |
| Core area | In geography, a term with several connotations. Core refers to the center, heart, or focus. The core area of a nation-state is constituted by the national heartland- the largest population cluster, the most priductive redgion, the area with greates centrality and accessibility, probably containing tha capital city as well. |
| Core-periphery | as one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success |
| Cultural boundary | boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity |
| Democratization | the process of creating a government elected by the people |
| Positional disputes | Conflict over location, usually associated with physical boundaries. |
| Territorial disputes | Any dispute over land ownership |
| Resource disputes | disagreements over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds |
| Functional disputes | disagreements between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration. |
| Economic force | the effects of supply and demand, and other forms of competitive pressure, on businesses. |
| Electoral geography | The study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections. |
| Elongated states | A state with a long, narrow shape |
| Enclaves | countries surrounded or almost surrounded by another country. |
| Exclaves | A bounded (nonisland) piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another state. |
| Ethnic force | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region |
| Ethno nationalization | where a nation is defined in terms of ethnicity |
| European Constitution | A 2004 European Union document, not yet ratified, which significantly increased the extent of European unity. |
| European Monetary Union | the agreement among the participating member states of the European Union to adopt a single hard currency and monetary system. |
| European Union | an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members |
| Federal System | a system in which power is divided and shared between national and state governments |
| Forward capital | Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory. |
| Fragmentation | the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts |
| Fragmented States | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| Frontiers | The weakly defined political boundary regions |
| Geometric Boundary | Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines |
| Gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent |
| Geopolitics | the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state |
| Globalization | growth to a global or worldwide scale |
| Government | The ruling authority for a community, or society. |
| Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. |
| Institutions | the formal and informal rules that constrain human economic behavior. |
| Integration | the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community |
| Internal boundaries | Influence how family members communicate with each other |
| Irredentism | A policy of cultural and political expansion into a neighboring state by a state whose nationals live in the neighboring state |
| Landlocked states | state surrounded by other land with no direct outlet to the sea |
| Market economy | an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices |
| Marketization | recreation of market forces of supply and demand |
| Median-Line principle | lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other |
| Microstates | states with very small land areas |
| Minority districting | more recent form of gerrymandering, redrawing of districts to allow a minority to be elected |
| Majority districting | area in which the majority of the constituents in the district are racial or ethnic minorities. used to sway electoral votes |
| Mixed economy | an economic system that combines private and state enterprises |
| Monetary policy | The management of the money supply and interest rates |
| Nation | a politically organized body of people under a single government |
| Nation-state | a region with a united group of people and a single government |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members |
| Perforated states | a state that completely surrounds another |
| Physical boundary | boundary defined by a physical land mark like a river or a lake |
| Political geography | The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes. |
| Political culture | an overall set of values widely shared within a society |
| Politicization of religion | the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vise versa |
| Politics | the profession devoted to governing and to political affairs |
| Primate city | a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy |
| Prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| Ratzel, Freidrich | german geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term lebensraum (living space) in the sense that the national socialists later would, and came up with the organic theory |
| Relative location | the position of a place in relation to another place |
| Rimland Theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest. |
| Security Council | a permanent council of the United Nations |
| Separatist movement | refers to the social movements for a particular group of people to separate from a dominant political institution under which they suffer |
| Shatter belts | an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultual values |
| Sovereignty | government free from external control |
| Spatial force | Spatially, devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state. |
| Stateless nation | A nationality that is not represented by a state. |
| States | independent political units with territorial boundaries that are internationally recognized by other states |
| Supranational organization | organization of 3 or more states to promote shared activities. |
| Territorial morphology | a state's physical shape. |
| Territoriality | In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. |
| "third wave" of democratization | systems based on individual freedoms and civil liberities and boasting fairer civic institutions, more active media , objective judiciaries, and stronger property rights |
| Three pillars | Informal term denoting the main areas in which the EU has worked since the Maastricht Treaty. 1. the traditional involvement in trade and other economic matters 2. cooperation in justice and home affairs 3. the desire to create a Common Foreign and Security Policy which is the most visionary and controversial aspect of the EU today |
| Unitary states | a state in which no other governmental body but the central government has any areas of power that are exclusively under its control. |
| Colonies | territories controlled by other countries |
| Devolution | the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Privatization | To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control. |
| Multicore state | A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural. |
| Nationalism | pride in one's nation |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.