CDH ch 8
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Created by:
pgilbert156 on February 11, 2012
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71 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 acute | brief in exposure, high intensity |
| chronic | long lasting |
| cohort | study using large groups over many person years |
| cross sectional | a type of study that examines the relationship between disease and other variables of interest |
| dichotomous scale | a measurement scale that arranges items into two mutually exclusive groups, ex. caries/ no caries |
| endemic | The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area or population group, normal level of sickness |
| epidemic | occurance of illness, specific health related behavior or other health related events in excess of normal expectancy, above normal level of sickness |
| eradication | Termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment |
| Etiology | The science of causes, causality, in common usage, cause |
| incidence | The number of instances of illness commencing or persons falling ill, how many new cases... |
| index | usually referring to a rating scale or set of numbers derived from a series of observations of specified variables. -an abbreviated measurement of the amount or condition or oral disease in a population -an aid in data collection, allowing for comparisons among population groups |
| Monitoring | performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of populations. |
| morbidity | Any departure from a state of well being to sickness |
| mortality | related to death |
| multifactorial etiology | referring to the concept that a given disease or other outcome may have more than one cause |
| occurrence | a general term describing the frequency of a disease |
| pandemic | an epidemic occurring over a very wide are |
| prevalence | Number of incidences of a given disease in a given population |
| prospective | a research design that looks forward |
| retrospective | a research design that uses a review of past events |
| sensitivity | a measure of the probability of a correct diagnosis or the probability that any given case will be identified by the test |
| specificity | a measure of the probability of correctly identifying a non-diseased person with a screening test |
| surveillance | Ongoing scrutiny to detect changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate control measures |
| trend | long term movement in a ordered series |
| validity, reliability, clarity, simplicity, objectivity, quantifiability, sensitivity, acceptability | properties of an ideal index |
| validity | the index must measure what it intended to measure, so it should correspond with clinical stages of the disease under study at each point |
| reliability | the index should be able to measure consistently at different times and under a variety of conditions -the term is virtually synonymous with reproducibility, repeatability, and consistency, meaning the ability of the same or different examiners to interpret and use the index in the same way |
| clarity, simplicity, objectivity | 3 properties of an ideal index that states that the criteria should be clear and unambiguous, with mutually exclusive categories -ideally an examiner should readily memorize it after practice |
| quantifiability | the index must be amenable to statistical analysis, so that the status of a group can be expressed by a distribution, mean, median of other statistical measure |
| sensitivity | the index should be able to detect clinically relevant but small shifts, in either direction, in the condition |
| acceptability | the use of the index should not be unnecessarily painful or demeaning to the subject |
| distribution, affected population, population dynamics, place characteristics, occurrences, time determinants | principle factors analyzed in the study of epidemiology |
| incidence | -the probability of developing disease -numerator counts only new cases -requires follow-up of individuals in the population -does not depend on the duration of the illness -preferred measure when studying cause and effect |
| prevalence | -probability of already having disease -numerator counts both new and old cases -does not require follow-up -depends on duration of disease (long duration will eventually increase the probability of a disease) -preferred measure when estimating the population based burden of a chronic disease |
| descriptive | this epidemiologic study asks: -who is getting the disease -where is disease occurring -when disease is occurring -findings provide basis for generation of hypotheses |
| observational | an epidemiologic study that tests hypothesis -it attempts to assess the relationship between exposures and disease by observing exposure-disease association as they naturally occur in population -reported in terms of relative risk RR=incidence of disease in exposed group/incidence of disease in unexposed group |
| protective effect | relative risk score of .3 or less |
| no difference | relative risk score of 1.0 |
| weak evidence | relative risk score of .7-1.5 |
| strong association | relative risk score of 3 or greater |
| cross sectional | study that looks at the relationship between disease and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time (cause and effect) |
| case control | this study will identify subjects based on whether the disease of interest is present and then looks backward in time |
| prospective cohort | this study does not rely on history for past exposure -good study for using relative risk of disease -need large group to follow thru time -some will leave the group so need to start w/ large group |
| retrospective cohort | this study looks how exposure is developed and reviewed from past records -need good records from past to come to valid conclusions |
| clinical, community | an experimental study includes what two groups |
| clinical trial | study used to test new preventative or therapeutic agents -controlled -could be a new treatment compared to established tx -compare the incidence of diseases and side effects between the groups in study to draw inferences about the efficacy of tx |
| double blind | method of conducting a study that will help to prevent bias during study |
| community | study that is based on a community rather than individuals |
| Dean's | Fluorosis Index -assigns an individual score based on the "second most severely affected tooth (Fluorosis)" 1: very mild, small opaque spots (<25% tooth surface involved) 2: mild, small opaque spots, not as much as 50% of tooth surface involved 3: moderate, brown spots, more than 50% of tooth surface involved 4: severe, pitted enamel |
| FRI (Fluorosis Risk Index) | this index "identifies risk factors for fluorosis" |
| TSIF (Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis) | this index is "done with "wet" teeth" -may miss mild fluorosis |
| TF (Thylstrup-Fejerskov Fluorosis Index) | this index relates to "histological features of affected enamel" -calls for "drying of teeth" -the "most sensitive" of indexes for Fluorosis -"scores 0-9" |
| DDE (Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel Index) | this index gives you a "differential diagnosis: fluorosis and non fluoride opacities" -"differential diagnosis between milder forms of dental fluorosis (Questionable, very mild, and mild) and nonfluoride opacities of enamel" |
| Angles' (Classification for Occlusion) | this is a major index for studying occlusion -used for treatment planning, not for epidemiological studies |
| GI (Gingival Index) (Loe and Silness) | this index "assesses bleeding, color, contour and ulceration of tissue" -"used on all or six selected teeth" 0: Normal gingiva 1: mild inflammation, slight change in color, slight edema, and no bleeding on probing 2: moderate inflammation, redness edema, glazing and bleeding on probing 3:severe inflammation marked redness, edema, ulcerations and a tendency toward spontaneous bleeding |
| SBI (Sulcular Bleeding Index) | this index is designed to detect "early" symptoms of gingivitis, checks papillary & marginal gingiva -use anterior teeth only -score 0-5 |
| GBI (Gingival Bleeding Index) | this index "assesses bleeding" of the gingival margin in response to gentle probing +: bleeding within 10 seconds after gentle probing -: the absence of bleeding 10 seconds after probing |
| PDI (Periodontal Disease Index) | this index measures the reversible and irreversible disease -"the lower end of the scale deals with gingivitis (reversible) and the upper end is periodontal disease (irreversible)" -used for the "Ramford" 3,9,12,19, 25, 28 teeth 0: absence of inflammatory signs 1: mild to mod inflammatory ging change that does not extend around the tooth 2: same as above, but extends around the tooth 3: severe ging characterized by marked redness, swelling and the tendency to bleed and ulcerate 4: ging crevice extends apically past the CEJ but not more than 3mm 5: ging crevice extends apically 3-6mm past the CEJ 6: ging crevice extends apically more than 6mm past the CEJ |
| CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Tx Needs) | this index used "three indicators of periodontal status" -"ging bleeding" -"calculus" -"periodontal pockets" -"evaluates six sextants" -"probing is performed with the CPITN-E probe Scoring is 0-4 (healthy to perio pockets of 6mm or more-black tip no longer showing) |
| CPI (Community Periodontal Index) | this index is a modification of the CPITN -"divides teeth into sextants" -"Provides a measurement of:" "Gingiva, gingival bleeding, calculus, periodontal pockets" -"Loss of perio attachment is measured and the highest score is recorded by sextant" -"used a 0.5 mm ball probe" |
| PI (Periodontal Index) | the criteria for this index is "attachment loss is defined as the sum of the clinical probe depth and gingival recession (0-8) |
| PSR (Periodontal Screening and Recording) | "this index has a preliminary screening to determine need for full mouth perio assessment" -"each sextant is probed until a pocket of 3 or 4 is recorded" |
| VMI (Volpe-Manhold Index) | this index measures "new deposits of calculus" -patient total score is the sum of the tooth surfaces |
| OHI (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) | this index is used to measure oral hygiene status -"uses 6 teeth" -"Facial of #3, 8, 14, 24, and lingual of #19, and 30" Scoring: 0: no debris or stain present 1: soft debris covering not more than 1/3 of tooth surface 2: soft debris covering more than 1/3 but < 2/3 of tooth surface 3: soft debris covering > 2/3 of tooth surface Also OHI-DSI oral debris of OHI-S 0-3 score 0-3 and OHI-CSI calculus portion of OHI-S, score 0-3 |
| PII (Plaque Index) | this index "measures the differences in thickness of debris at the gingival margin" score 0-3 (no plaque to heavy) |
| PHP (patient Hygiene Performance) | this index was developed to "assess individual's performance in removing debris after tooth brushing instruction" -"uses disclosing solution" -"select 6 teeth" -"scoring 0-5 (best to worst" |
| O'Leary Plaque Index | this index "monitors oral hygiene performance" -"indicates the location of plaque" formula: # of plaque surfaces present/total # of tooth surfaces exam'd = then X100 = %plaque |
| DMF (Decayed, Missing, Filled: can be teeth or surfaces) | this index is used to measure past and present caries experience of a population with Permanent teeth "D=untx, frank cavitation, (decayed) F=evidence of restorative tx resulting from caries (filled) M=evidence of a lost tooth due to caries (missing) Formula: Decay+Missing+Filled/Total individuals=DMF Value" "def/defs- same but for primary teeth (e is extracted due to caries)" |
| UTN (unmet treatment needs of a particular population) | index measures tx needs and can also be used to compare tx need of one population with those of another formula: mean # of decayed teeth/mean # of decayed and filled teeth X 100 |
| RCI (Root Caries Index) | this index evaluates the extent of root caries and a "patient's risk" for root caries disease formula: = (R-D)+(R-F)/(R-D)+(R-F)+(R-N)" |
| BSS (Basic Screening Survey) | this index "assesses untreated dental caries and dental caries experience on per person basis" -"YES or NO" |
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