Botany Exam 1
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Photosynthesis | Sunlight energy + CO2 => food |
| Monophyletic Group | Contains all descendants from a common ancestor |
| Science | Attempts to build a body of knowledge based on testable explanations and predictions |
| Ecology | The study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment |
| Ecosystem | All of the organisms that occur together at a particular places, as well as the environment with which they interact |
| Populations | Groups of organisms-all individuals belonging to the same taxonomic unit |
| Community | The set of all populations |
| Trophic Levels | Describe the ways that organisms interact |
| Autotrophs | Self-feeders |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that feed on others |
| Decomposers | Break down waste and dead bodies |
| Mineral Budget | Determining gains/losses minerals Result: Forest ecosystems are extremely efficient in conserving mineral elements |
| Deforested | 4x runoff, 20x Ca and K Nitrogen: decomposers still present leeching Nitrogen, levels of N in H2O now unsafe to drink |
| Competition | The interaction between 2 or more organisms when utilizing a required resource that is in limited supply |
| Mutualism | An interaction in which both species benefit |
| Competitive Exclusion | One or the other species must eventually be eliminated |
| Chemical Production | Inhibit the growth of other plants |
| Allelopathy | Inhibition of one species if plants by chemicals produced by another plant |
| Phytoalexins | Lipid-like compounds produced by plants in response to microbial attack Produced in response to a signal elicitor |
| Tannins | Static-always present Phenolics=denature proteins disrupt cell membrane |
| Succession | The predictable change in a community over time Predicts that a community can recover after a disturbance in a predictable manner |
| Biomes | Terrestrial communities characterized by their climate and soil Shaped by temperature and precipitation |
| Rainforests | High temp and high rainfall year round, broad-leaved evergreen trees, epiphytes and lianas, the biome with the greatest diversity |
| Savannas and Deciduous Tropical Forests | High temp and seasonal drought, grasslands with scattered broad-leaved deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs, periodic burning is an important aspect |
| Deserts | Precipitation generally very low except for occasional peaks and max temp varies with type of desert, succulents such as cacti, adaptations include small leaves thick cuticle and photosynthetic rates with high maximum temperatures |
| Grasslands | Moderately low precipitation, cold winters and warm summers, perennial bunchgrasses and sod-forming grasses, heavily exploited for agriculture |
| Temperate Deciduous Forests | Moderate precipitation evenly distributed, cool winters and warm summers, deciduous trees and many perennial herbs, the dominant herbaceous plants vary with the seasons |
| Temperate Mixed and Coniferous Forests | Moderately low precipitation and moderately cold winters, mistures of deciduous trees and conifers |
| Mediterranean Scrub | Cool, moist winters and hot, dry summers, evergreen or summer-deciduous, drought resistant trees and shrubs in dense thickets |
| Taiga | Moderately low precipitation and cold winters, although in the Pacific Northwest the winters are very wet, forest of evergreen trees, soils are highly acidic and very low in nutrients, permafrost may be present |
| Arctic Tundra | Very low precipitation in both summer and winter, very cold winters, low shrubs, grasses, sedges, and lichens, permafrost present throughout, much of biomass is underground |
| Four Molecules of Life | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Polymers | Macromolecules made of many similar parts, monomer |
| Carbohydrates | Most abundant organic molecule in nature, used as primary storage of energy for all living organisms, used for energy support |
| Starch | Primary storage polysaccharide in plants |
| Glycogen | Long chains of glucose, highly branched |
| Structure | half organic C in living world is contained in cellulose, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, a few organisms can break down cellulose and use it as energy |
| Cellulose | Made entirely of Beta glucose |
| Lipids | Fat and fat-like molecules, generally hydrophobic (water insoluble), energy storage, 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol |
| Fats | Solid at room temperature |
| Oils | Liquid at room temperature |
| Triglycerides | Fat and oil |
| Proteins | 4 levels of organization 1) Linear arrangement of amino acid 2) Interactions between side-chains 3) 3-D shape of a protein 4)When more than one protein interacts |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymer is a nucleic acid Monomer is a nucleotide used for energy, ATP |
| Chromoplasts | Pigmented plastids, not site of photosynthesis |
| Leucoplasts | Plastids- no pigments |
| Bulk Flow | Movement of a liquid from one place to another due to potential energy |
| The Cell Cycle | M phase, G1, S phase, G2 |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments that extend through cytosol |
| Microtubules | Made of tubulin |
| Microfilaments | Made of actin |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Similar in size and shape, containing similar kinds of hereditary info, one is from one parent and the other homologue is from the other parent |
| Genes | Unit of heredity |
| Allele | One or more alternatives of a gene |
| Locus | The physical location of a gene on a chromosome |
| Homozygous | Two alleles that are identical |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
| Genotype | The sum total of all genes in an individual |
| Phenotype | The physical appearance of an organism |
| Mendel's First Law | The Principle of Segregation: individuals carry pairs of genes for each trait and these pairs separate during meiosis |
| Mendel's Second Law | The Principle of Independent Assortment: the alleles of a gene segregate independently of the alleles of another gene |
| Epistasis | Occurs when one gene interacts with another |
| Polygenic Inheritance | Inherit characteristics determined by combined effect of multiple genes |
| Pleiotropy | When one gene affects more than on phenotype |
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