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Photosynthesis Sunlight energy + CO2 => food Monophyletic Group Contains all descendants from a common ancestor Science Attempts to build a body of knowledge based on testable explanations and predictions Ecology The study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment Ecosystem All of the organisms that occur together at a particular places, as well as the environment with which they interact Populations Groups of organisms-all individuals belonging to the same taxonomic unit Community The set of all populations Trophic Levels Describe the ways that organisms interact Autotrophs Self-feeders Heterotrophs Organisms that feed on others Decomposers Break down waste and dead bodies Mineral Budget Determining gains/losses minerals Result: Forest ecosystems are extremely efficient in conserving mineral elements Deforested 4x runoff, 20x Ca and K Nitrogen: decomposers still present leeching Nitrogen, levels of N in H2O now unsafe to drink Competition The interaction between 2 or more organisms when utilizing a required resource that is in limited supply Mutualism An interaction in which both species benefit Competitive Exclusion One or the other species must eventually be eliminated Chemical Production Inhibit the growth of other plants Allelopathy Inhibition of one species if plants by chemicals produced by another plant Phytoalexins Lipid-like compounds produced by plants in response to microbial attack Produced in response to a signal elicitor Tannins Static-always present Phenolics=denature proteins disrupt cell membrane Succession The predictable change in a community over time Predicts that a community can recover after a disturbance in a predictable manner Biomes Terrestrial communities characterized by their climate and soil Shaped by temperature and precipitation Rainforests High temp and high rainfall year round, broad-leaved evergreen trees, epiphytes and lianas, the biome with the greatest diversity Savannas and Deciduous Tropical Forests High temp and seasonal drought, grasslands with scattered broad-leaved deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs, periodic burning is an important aspect Deserts Precipitation generally very low except for occasional peaks and max temp varies with type of desert, succulents such as cacti, adaptations include small leaves thick cuticle and photosynthetic rates with high maximum temperatures Grasslands Moderately low precipitation, cold winters and warm summers, perennial bunchgrasses and sod-forming grasses, heavily exploited for agriculture Temperate Deciduous Forests Moderate precipitation evenly distributed, cool winters and warm summers, deciduous trees and many perennial herbs, the dominant herbaceous plants vary with the seasons Temperate Mixed and Coniferous Forests Moderately low precipitation and moderately cold winters, mistures of deciduous trees and conifers Mediterranean Scrub Cool, moist winters and hot, dry summers, evergreen or summer-deciduous, drought resistant trees and shrubs in dense thickets Taiga Moderately low precipitation and cold winters, although in the Pacific Northwest the winters are very wet, forest of evergreen trees, soils are highly acidic and very low in nutrients, permafrost may be present Arctic Tundra Very low precipitation in both summer and winter, very cold winters, low shrubs, grasses, sedges, and lichens, permafrost present throughout, much of biomass is underground Four Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids Polymers Macromolecules made of many similar parts, monomer Carbohydrates Most abundant organic molecule in nature, used as primary storage of energy for all living organisms, used for energy support Starch Primary storage polysaccharide in plants Glycogen Long chains of glucose, highly branched Structure half organic C in living world is contained in cellulose, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, a few organisms can break down cellulose and use it as energy Cellulose Made entirely of Beta glucose Lipids Fat and fat-like molecules, generally hydrophobic (water insoluble), energy storage, 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol Fats Solid at room temperature Oils Liquid at room temperature Triglycerides Fat and oil Proteins 4 levels of organization 1) Linear arrangement of amino acid 2) Interactions between side-chains 3) 3-D shape of a protein 4)When more than one protein interacts Nucleic Acids Polymer is a nucleic acid Monomer is a nucleotide used for energy, ATP Chromoplasts Pigmented plastids, not site of photosynthesis Leucoplasts Plastids- no pigments Bulk Flow Movement of a liquid from one place to another due to potential energy The Cell Cycle M phase, G1, S phase, G2 Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that extend through cytosol Microtubules Made of tubulin Microfilaments Made of actin Homologous Chromosomes Similar in size and shape, containing similar kinds of hereditary info, one is from one parent and the other homologue is from the other parent Genes Unit of heredity Allele One or more alternatives of a gene Locus The physical location of a gene on a chromosome Homozygous Two alleles that are identical Heterozygous Two different alleles occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes Genotype The sum total of all genes in an individual Phenotype The physical appearance of an organism Mendel's First Law The Principle of Segregation: individuals carry pairs of genes for each trait and these pairs separate during meiosis Mendel's Second Law The Principle of Independent Assortment: the alleles of a gene segregate independently of the alleles of another gene Epistasis Occurs when one gene interacts with another Polygenic Inheritance Inherit characteristics determined by combined effect of multiple genes Pleiotropy When one gene affects more than on phenotype