| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Entrepreneur: | a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits |
| Capital: | money available for investment |
| Cottage Industry: | a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes |
| Puddling: | process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high-quality iron |
| Industrial Capitalism: | an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing, produced a new middle class group; when investors own the means of production -> owning govt. |
| Socialism: | a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production |
| Conservatism: | a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion; HATED revolutions |
| Principle of Intervention: | idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments |
| Liberalism: | a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties (the basic rights of all people) should be protected |
| Universal Male Suffrage: | the rights of all males to vote in elections |
| Militarism: | reliance on military strength |
| Kaiser: | German for "Caesar", the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire |
| Plebiscite: | a popular vote |
| Emancipation: | the act of setting free |
| Abolitionism: | a movement to end slavery |
| Secede: | withdraw |
| Romanticism: | an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing |
| Secularization: | indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration |
| Organic Evolution: | the principle set forth by Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms |
| Natural Selection: | the principle set forth by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, "survival of the fittest" |
| Realism: | mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was |
| Bourgeoisie: | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people; oppressors |
| Proletariat: | the working class; oppressed |
| Dictatorship: | a form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power |
| Revisionist: | a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism |
| Feminism: | the movement for women's rights |
| Literacy: | the ability to read |
| Psychoanalysis: | a method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient's memory; by making the patient's conscious mind aware of repressed thoughts, healing can take place |
| Pogrom: | the organized persecution or massacre of a minority group, especially Jews |
| Modernism: | a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance |
| Imperialism: | the extension of a nation's power over other lands. |
| Protectorate: | a political unit that depends on another government for its protection |
| Indirect rule: | colonial government in which rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status. Better for the mother nation because they could easily access the colony's natural resources |
| Direct rule: | colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials brought form the mother country. Worse for mother country- had 2 pay to put ppl in power in colony |
| Annex: | to incorporate territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country |
| Indigenous: | native to a religion |
| Sepoy: | an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region |
| Viceroy: | a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch |
| Extraterritoriality: | living in a section of the country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's laws |
| Self-strengthening: | a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions |
| Spheres of influence: | an area in which a foreign power has been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges |
| Indemnity: | payment for damages |
| Concession: | political compromise |
| Prefecture: | in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord |
| Conscription: | military draft |
| Mobilization: | the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war |
| Propaganda: | ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause |
| Trench warfare: | fighting from ditches protected from barbed wire |
| War of attrition: | a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses |
| Total war: | a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those removed from the battlefield |
| Planned economies: | an economic system directed by government agencies |
| Soviets: | a Russian council composed of representative from the workers and soldiers |
| War communism: | in WWI Russia, government control of banks and most industries, basically a communist's control over the econ. |
| Armistice: | a truce or agreement to stop fighting |
| Reparation: | payment made to the victors by the vanquished to cover the cost of a war |
| Mandate: | a nation governed by other nations on behalf of the League of Nations |
| Depression: | a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment |
| Collective bargaining: | the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours |
| Deficit spending: | when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt |
| Totalitarian state: | a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens |
| Fascism: | a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler |
| New Economic Policy: | a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce, and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government |
| Politburo: | a seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia |
| Collectivization: | System on which private farms were eliminated; the govt. owned all the land and the peasants worked it |
| Reichstag: | the German parliament |
| Concentration camp: | Massive work camps. I hope you know what these are... |
| Demilitarized: | eliminate or prohibit weapons, fortifications, and other military installations |
| Appeasement: | satisfying demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability |
| Sanction: | a restriction intended to enforce international law |
| Blitzkrieg: | German for "lightening war"; a swift and sudden military attack; used by the Germans during World War II |
| Partisan: | a resistance fighter in World War II |
| Genocide: | the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group |
| Collaborator: | a person who assists the enemy |
| Mobilization: | the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war |
| Kamikaze: | Japanese for "divine wind", a suicide mission in which young Japanese pilots intentionally flew their airplanes into US fighting ships at sea |
| Cold War: | the period of political tension following World War II and ending with the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace