Spinal Anatomy 1
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Created by:
shane-conrad on February 12, 2012
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133 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sagittal Plane | Divides the body into Left and Right sections |
| Coronal (Frontal) Plane | Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior Sections |
| Transverse (Horizontal) Plane | Divides the body into Superior and Inferior Sections |
| Nicknames for Spinal Column | Vertebral Column, Central Axis, Back Bone |
| 33 (24 in the Spine, 5 in the Sacrum, 4 in the Coccyx) | Segments in the Child Spinal Column |
| 26 (24 in the Spine, 1 Sacrum, 1 Coccyx) | Segments in the Adult Spinal Column |
| 9-11 years old | First 3 Sacral segments fuse |
| 18-20 years old | Lower 2 segments fuse to the other 3 Sacral |
| 1 segment fuses every 5 years finishes 25-30 years old | Coccyx fuses |
| Male: 28 in (71 cm) Female: 25 in (61 cm) | Average lenght of the adult Spinal Column |
| True segments (24 segments in the Spine) | Freely Moveable in the adult Spinal Column |
| False segments (Sacrum and Coccyx) | Not Freely Moveable in the adult Spinal Column |
| 7 | Cervical Spine Segments |
| 12 could be 11 or 13 | Thoracic Spine Segments |
| 5 could be 4 or 6 | Lumbar Spine Segments |
| Lumbar | Most variable region of the Spine |
| Body (Anterior) Vertebral Arch (Posterior) | General parts of a Vertebra |
| 2 Pedicles 2 Laminae | Makes up the Vertebral Arch |
| 1 Spinous 2 Transverse 4 Articular | Processes of a typical vertebra |
| Names for Vertebral Arch | Posterior Arch, Neural Arch, Dorsal Arch, Spinal Arch |
| Names for Vertebral Foramen | Neural Foramen, Neural Ring, Spinal Foramen |
| 16-20 years old | Epiphyseal Plate fuses |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Makes up End Plate |
| 3-6 years old | Pedicles fuse |
| Superior and Inferior Pedicle Notch | Forms when Pedicles attach to Vertebral Body |
| Intervertebral Foramen | Formed by Superior Pedicle Notch of Vertebra Below and Inferior Pedicle Notch of Vertebra above (where Spinal Nerves exit) |
| Pedicogenic Stenosis | Congenital shortening of one or both Pedicles |
| Laminae | Angle Posterior and Medial |
| Laminae | Located Posterior and Lateral to Vertebral Foramen |
| Spina Bifida | Happens if Laminae do not fuse |
| Spina Bifida | Nicknames Schistorrhachis, Spondylochesis |
| Neural Tube Defect | Spina Bifida is a form of it |
| 16 years old | Tip of the Spinous fuses |
| 16 years old | Tip of the TVP's fuse |
| Diapophysis | True Transverse Process |
| Pleurapophysis | Costal Element |
| Costotransverse (Intertubercular) Lamella | Between the Diapophysis and Pleurapophysis |
| Zygapophysis | Another name for all the Articular Processes |
| Prezygapophysis | Another name for Superior Articular Processes |
| Postzygapophysis | Another name for Inferior Articular Processes |
| Articular Joint | Another name for Apophyseal Joint, Zygapophyseal Joint, Z-Joint |
| Facet | Smooth surface of Articular Process |
| Articular Capsule | Surrounds Articular Joint |
| Inner Part, Central Layer, Outer Part | 3 main parts of the Articular Capsule |
| Synovial Membrane | In the inner part of Articular Capsule |
| Composed of loose connective tissue | Central Layer of Articular Capsule |
| Rich in sensory nerve supply | Outer Part of Articular Capsule |
| Sinu Vertebral Nerve | Nerve supply of the Articular Joint |
| Ligamentum Flavum | Covers the Articular Joint on the Anterior Medial side |
| Articular capsule | Covers the Articular Joint on the Posterior Lateral side |
| X-axis | Flexion and Extension happens around this axis (Coronal Axis) |
| Y-Axis | Left and Right Rotation happens around this axis (Longitudinal or Transverse Axis) |
| Z-axis | Lateral Bending happens around this axis (Sagittal Axis) |
| Mobilization | Goes through Active and Passive ROM |
| Cervical Articular Process | Angled 45 degrees to the horizontal plane |
| Mid-Cervical (C-4/5/6) | Overall Greatest amount of ROM occurs in this part of the Spine |
| C-5/6 | Greatest amount of Flexion and Extension of a Facet Joint (Cervical Region) |
| Thoracic Superior Articular Process | Angled 60 degrees to the horizontal plane and Rotated 20 degrees Laterally |
| Thoracic Inferior Articular Process | Angled 60 degrees to the horizontal plane and Rotated 20 degrees Medially |
| Lumbar Superior Articular Process | Face posterior, Concaved, Angled 90 degrees to horizontal plane, Rotated 45 degrees Medially |
| Lumbar Inferior Articular Pracess | Face anterior, Convexed, Angled 90 degrees to horizontal plane, Rotated 45 degrees Laterally |
| L-4 L-5 | Greatest amount of Overall ROM in the Lumbar Spine takes place at this joint |
| L-5 S-1 | Greatest amount of Flexion and Extension in the Lumbar Spine takes place at this joint |
| Tripod Theory of Weight Bearing | States that the axial compression on any vertebra is borne by the vertebral Body and the Two Superior Articular Processes. |
| Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi | First Layer of Back Muscles |
| Trapezius | Origin: EOP, Superior Nuchal Line, Ligamentum Nuchae, SP of C-7 to T-12. Inserts: Spine of Scapula, Acromion, Distal 1/3 of Clavicle. Action: Depresses, Adducts, Rotates, and Elevates the Scapula |
| Trapezius | Nerve Supply: Ansa Cervicalis and Accessory Nerve (CNXI) |
| Latissimus Dorsi | Origin: Sp and Supraspinous ligament of T-6 through L-5, Thoracolumbar fascia,Median Sacral Crest of Sacrum, Iliac crests and lower 4 ribs. Inserts: Intertubercular Groove of Humerus. Action: Adducts, Extends, and Rotates the arm Medially. |
| Latissimus Dorsi | Nerve Supply: C-6 to C-8 (Thoracodorsal N.) |
| Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, Levator Scapulae | 2nd Layer of Back Muscles |
| Rhomboid Major | Origin: SP of T-2 to T-5. Insets: Medial Border of Scapula. Action: Adducts Scapula |
| Rhomboid Minor | Origin SP of C-7 and T-1 Inserts: Root of the Spine of the Scapula. Action: Adducts Scapula |
| Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor | Nerve Supply: C-5 (Dorsal Scapular Nerve) |
| Levator Scapulae | Origin: TVP of C-1 to C-4. Inserts: Medial Border of Scapula. Action: Bilateral - Extends Cervical Spine. Unilateral - allows for Lateral Flexion and Rotation of Neck to the same side. Also helps elevate the Scapula. |
| Levator Scapulae | Nerve Supply: C-3, C-4, C-5 (Dorsal Scapular Nerve) |
| Levator Scapulae | If a patient complains of Restricted Neck Rotation, suspect this muscle. |
| Serratus Posterior Superior, Serratus Posterior Inferior | Layer 3 of Back Muscles |
| Serratus Posterior Superior | Origin: SP C-7 to T-3, Ligamentum Nuchae, Supraspinal Ligament. Inserts: Upper Border of Ribs T-2 to T-5. Action: Raises ribs during Inspiration. |
| Serratus Posterior Superior | Nerve Supply: Intercostal Nerves T-2 to T-5. |
| Serratus Posterior Inferior | Origin: Supraspinous Ligament and SP of T-11 to L-3 Inserts: Inferior Border of Ribs T-9 to T-12 (Lower 4 ribs) Action: Depresses ribs duirng Expiration. |
| Serratus Posterior Inferior | Nerve Supply: Intercostal Nerves T-9 to T-12 |
| Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis | Layer 4 Back Muscles |
| Splenius Capitis | Origin: Lower 1/2 of Ligamentum Nuchae, SP C-7 to T-4 Inserts: Superior to Mastoid on Temporal Bone and Occiput. Action: Bilateral - Extends Head. Unilateral - Laterally flexes and Rotates head to same side. |
| Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis | Nerve Supply: C-4, C-5, C-6 |
| Splenius Cervicis | Origin: SP of T-3 to T-6 Inserts: TVP of C-1 and C-2 and Posterior Tubercle of C-3 and C-4. Action: Bilateral - Extends Head. Unilateral - Laterally flexes and Rotates the head to same side |
| Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis | Sources of Headaches |
| Semispinalis Capitis | Cause of Neck Pain and Headaches if pain is lateral to Neck |
| Illiocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis | 5th Layer of Back Muscles. Function: Extends, Laterally Flexes, and Rotates Vertebral Column. Nerve Supply: Segmental |
| Quadratus Lumborum | Primary cause of Low Back Pain, Refers pain to the Sacro-Iliac Joint. |
| Transversospinal Group | Semispinals, Multifidus, Rotatores, Interspinalis, Intertransversarii |
| Suboccipital Group | Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, Obliquus Posterior Superior, Obliquus Capitis Inferior |
| Suboccipital Group | Cause of Cervicogenic Suboccipital Headaches |
| Prevertebral Group | Longus Coli (Longus Cervicis), Longus Capitis, Rectus Capitis Anterior, Rectus Capitis Lateralis |
| Lateral Vertebral Group | Scalenus Anterior, Scalenus Medius, Scalenus Posterior |
| Prevertebral Group | Can be damaged by Whiplash |
| Scalenes | Associated with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOC) |
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | The scalenes can impinge on the brachial plexus, causing nerve pain or numbness down the arm |
| Cortex | Made up of Hard Compact Bone and surrounded by a thin layer of Periosteum |
| Cortex | Under 40 it supports 45% of the axial compressive load placed on it. Over 40 it supports 65% of the axial compressive load placed on it |
| Cancellous Bone | Inner layer that is soft and spongy composed of Trabeculae |
| Cancellous Bone | Under 40 supports 55% of the axial compressive load placed on it. Over 40 supports 35% of the axial compressive load placed on it. |
| Osteoperosis | Decrease in bone density below what is considered normal |
| Radiolucent | Can see through it on an X-ray (more black) |
| Radiopaque | Stops X-rays (more white) |
| Intervertebral Motor Unit | Functional Motor Unit, Physiological Motor Unit, Vertebral Motor Unit |
| Intervertebral Motor Unit | 2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures |
| Functions of the Vertebral Column | Protection and Transmission, Stabilization, Support and Weight Bearing, Shape and Position, Motion, Skeletal Formation, Resiliency |
| TVP of C-1 | 1/2 inch inferior and anterior to the Mastoid Process |
| C-2 Spinous Process | 1st and most prominent Spinous below the EOP |
| Hyoid Bone | Upright: Level of C-4 Lying Down: Level of C-3 |
| Cricoid Cartilage | Level of C-6 |
| Suprasternal (Jugular) Notch | Level of T-2 |
| Sternal Angle | Where Manubrium and Sternum come together (Level of T-4/5) |
| Spine of Scapula | Upright: Level of T-4 Lying Down: Level of T-3 |
| Inferior Border of Scapula | Upright: Level of T-9 Lying Down: Level of T-6 |
| Xiphoid Process | Level of T-10 |
| Transpyloric Plane | Level of L-1 |
| Umbilicus | Level of L-3 |
| Aortic Pressure Point | Aorta can be felt the most (Level of the disk space of L-3/4) |
| Crest of Ilium | Upright: Level of L-5 Lying Down: Level of L-4 |
| Clay Shoveler's | Fracture of tip of Spinous of C-7 |
| Most common area of Thoracic Compression Fracture | Body of T-11 or T-12 |
| Most common area of Lumbar Compression Fracture | Body of T-12 or L-1 |
| Most common area of Sacral Fracture | Horizontal fracture at the 3rd or 4th Sacral Tubercle area |
| Coupling Motion | 2 or more motions taking place at the same time. |
| Cervical Lateral Bending | Vertebral body moves to the same side (Ipsilateral) as the lateral bending, Spinous Process moves to the opposite side (Contralateral). T-6/7 and Above |
| Lumbar Lateral Bending | Vertebral body moves to the opposite side (Contralateral) as the lateral bending, Spinous Process moves to the same side (Ipsilateral). T-6/7 and Below |
| Parts of the Vertebral Subluxation Complex | Neuropathophysiology, Kinesiology, Biochemistry, Histopathology, Myopathology |
| Pain | P (P.A.R.T.S.) |
| Asymmetry | A (P.A.R.T.S.) |
| ROM | R (P.A.R.T.S.) |
| Tone, Texture, Temperature | T (P.A.R.T.S.) |
| Special Tests | S (P.A.R.T.S.) |
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