Chapter 10
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FMcLaughlin317 on February 12, 2012
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 middle ages | post classical period in Europe; fall of Roman Empire to 15th century; medieval ages |
| dark ages | centuries immediately after fall of Rome; feudal Europe |
| feudal Europe fragmented politically | spain, western germany, southern Germany, france, Rome, England, Scandinavia. Weak rulers (compared to Roman emperors) and subsistence agriculture (no surplus=no trade=no development). viking invasions. |
| feudal Europe lack of intellectual development | catholic church was center of intellectual culture and life, copy manuscripts, translate Greek and Latin texts |
| manoralism | system of economic and political relations between land lords and peasant laborers. emerged in late Roman Empire |
| serfs | majority of population; lived on self sufficient agricultural estates (manors). received protection from landlords in return for goods created or grown on land (feudal contract). upkeep of lord's castle and lands. could not be bought or sold.retained property rights by fulfilling obligations (passed property rights through inheritence) |
| lack of technology | lack of production mold-board plow, 3 field system |
| the church models Roman bureaucratic structure | cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests, etc. (often appointed by local lords, owed allegiance to church, appoint and supervise local priests) |
| the pope | regulates doctrine and sponsors missionary activity , spread of catholic vs. orthodox christianity |
| benedict of Nursia | spread of monasteries |
| 496 | frankish Chieftain clovis converts to christianity |
| charlemagne | frankish caroligian family. "charles the great" solidifies empire. france and germany. empire split amongst sons after death (france, Germany, Switzerland, Italy) regional monarchies (seperate spoken languages) |
| charles martel | charles the hammer. founding member. battle of tours. |
| battle of tours (date) | 732 |
| under charlemagne northern germany | most powerful. holy Roman Emperor |
| expansion | population growth, agricultureal developments, end of viking raids, regional political stability (growth of trade-trade towns (5%)). first Euopean universities (italy, medicine and law, religious universities in Paris) |
| feudalism | links military elites and landlords |
| vassals | lesser lords owe military service and or goods or payment. reduces overall warfare, initially prevents strong central states |
| hugh capet | elected as king |
| french capetian family | monarchical fuedalism. feudal links with lesser lords. bureaucracy, taxes, printed currency, standing army |
| 1066 | william the conquerer, duke of Normandy, invades England, monarchical feudalism to England (domesday book) |
| growth of medieval government | feudalism limits strong centralized government. power struggles between monarchs and aristocrats. reduces local war- leads to larger conflict (hundred years war). fosters trade betwen east and west. beginning of age of exploration |
| 1215 | king john forced to sign magna carta |
| magna carta | limited rights of monarchs against those of feudal lords, taxation, creation of parliaments |
| creation of parliaments | political bodies representing privileged groups. france, scandinavia, spain, Germany |
| parliaments- key 3 estates | church, nobles, urban leaders |
| population growth and spread of christianity | germanic knights conquer germany and poland. christians take spain ("reconquest", muslims expelled, viking explorers reach Iceland, Greenland adn canada |
| pope urbanII calls for first crusade | forgiveness in exchange for military service, promise spoils from conquering rich arab lands |
| crusaders gather at constantinople | reclaim "holy land of Jerusalem". later crusades resulted in death of german Emperor, imprisonment of english king, slaughtering of childeren, sacking of constantinople |
| church corruptions | neopotism (favoring family and close friends), simony (paying for sacraments), investiture (who chooses church officials) and indulgences (paying money to go to heaven) |
| growth of monasticism | franciscans and order of poor clares. combat secularism |
| pope Gregory VII | battles secularism and rise of Orthodox christianity |
| intro. to christian theology | merge faith and reason. "dark ages"-preserve ancient texts. emphasis on rhetoric and logic |
| peter Abelard | example of many scholars who use logic to prove god's existence (yes and no) |
| common christianity | stresses faith alone. belief and sacraments-removal of sin-salvation. Bernard Clair Vaux=challenges ideas of Abelard. faith as key to understand God |
| Thomas Aquinas | faith is first but it can enhance reason. reason provides understanding of natural order-nature of God. |
| summas | "highest works" of thomas Aquinas. all essential knowledge can be organized coherently. suma theologica |
| acholasticism | thomas aquinas. philosophical approach that combines faith and reason. dominant view of medieval scholarship |
| popular religion | christianity permeates everyday life. emergence of intense veneration of mercy and saints. assistance in obtaining salvation |
| religious themes in art and literature | medieval art and architecture-glorify God. life of Christianity and saints depicted in art. cathedrals and stained glass windows. |
| emergence of Gothic Architecture | combines roman and muslim influences. high arched windows, flying buttresses, cross-shaped churches, stained glass windows, rose windows, hull-shaped ceilings etc. |
| emergence of medieval literature | vernacular languages. beowulf (English), song of Roland (French), Canterbury tales (English). troubadours-wandering court singers/poets |
| chivalry | carefully controlled, polite behavior, toward women emphasized among elite classes. leads to games and tournaments |
| increase in continental trade | emergence of Middle class |
| Manorialism and feudalism dominate political and economic life | serfs slowly start to gain more economic freedom. christianity introduces ideas of egalitarianism |
| growth of trade and banking | facilitates long distance trade, germany and italy, capitalism (opposed by catholic church). timber,cloth, grains, copper, tin, wool and honey.urbanization. new diseases. |
| hanseatic league | cooperative agreement among cities in germany adn scandinavia to promote fair trade |
| guilds | security, standards, mutual control. prevents monopolies |
| role of women | vital role in the home and on the manor, less confined than women in the east. increases monastic oppurtunities. havily patriarchal society |
| hundred years war | new military weapons and tactics, mercenary armies, archers, cross bows etc. Joan of Arc leads France to victory |
| population boom | severe famine, black death |
| avignon papacy | french nobles kidnap pope, taxation dispute with the church, Italy responds by electing new pope. 3rd new italian pope is restored in Rome weakining church authority, increase heresy. |
| medieval legacy | "middle ages" implies the backwardness of Europe between the Roman Empire and the renaissance advances in politics, economics, culture and religion |
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