Speech Science Midterm
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What do we do with speech science? | - Use technology to make physiological measurements during speech production - Allows us to determine what the body does during speech - Allows us to study respiration, phonation, articulation, and resonance |
| Basic processes of speech | - respiration - phonation - articulation - resonance |
| 9 basic reasons for SLP to study speech science | 1. Understand baseline measures of speech 2. Keep abreast of technological advances in the field 3. Understand and meet the needs of bilingual clients 4. Facilitate second language acquisition 5. Reduce regional accents 6. Understand the link bwn production and perception 7. Promote greater sensitivity to language 8. Obtain and understand a universal perspective of the human species 9. Maintain and promote professionalism |
| The job of the SLP | - To thoroughly/accurately assess individuals with comm disorders - To identify and measure the acoustic perceptual consequences of the disorder - To make an informed decision about the effective treatment methods - To monitor and measure progress over time |
| Good candidates for assessment/treatment using speech science | - Individuals with articulation disorders - Individuals with voice disorders - Individuals with resonance disorders |
| Examples of individuals with language disorders | - Children with phonological disorders - Children with developmental disabilities - Children/adults with brain damage - Children/adults learning ESL - Adults with degenerative disease - Adults with head/neck cancer |
| Phonetics | Component of speech that is concerned with the acoustic properties of sounds, independent of language or meaning. |
| Phonology | Component of speech which determines how sounds may vary and pattern in a language |
| Phonemes | The smallest units in a language capable of differentiation meaning |
| Minimal pairs | cat/mat, see/bee, mat/map |
| Number of phonemes in English | 42-44 |
| Number of phonemes in other languages | Around 100 |
| Phone | A realization of a phoneme; a particular occurrence of a sound segment of speech |
| Allophone | A member of a particular family or class of speech sounds; a systematic phonetic variant of a specific phoneme |
| Complementary distribution | When two or more allophones never occur in the same phonetic environment |
| Systematic variation | Phonetic context influences the realization of the phoneme |
| Free variation | When phonetically similar sounds are able to occur in the same environment (are not in complementary distribution) but do not contrast phonemically |
| Parts of the supralaryngeal system | - Pharynx - Oral cavity - Nasal cavity |
| Articulators | - Velum - Lips - Teeth - Jaw |
| Velocity | Distance travelled per unit time |
| Amplitude | The maximum displacement of a periodic wave |
| Frequency | The number of times the pattern of a wave reoccurs within one second. ALWAYS in seconds |
| Period (T) | The amount of time it takes for a wave to repeat 1 cycle. A time measurement |
| Wavelength (λ) | A distance of a segment of a wave that keeps repeating itself. A length measurement |
| Phase | A particular point in the time of a cycle |
| Oscilloscope | Electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities |
| Simple Periodic Waves | Repetitive, constant, not natural - One constant frequency - Constant amplitude - Always periodic - 1/frequency = period - Artificial sound |
| Complex Periodic Waves | The frequency of each component is a whole number multiple of the fundamental frequency - Not simple - Multiple sine waves - Can be periodic or aperiodic |
| Noise | Sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound) |
| Fourier Analysis | - A method we use to analyze speech waves - Any complex wave can be broken down into a certain set of sine waves that, when added together, would be identical to that wave - This means that we can analyze complex waves into their patterns of frequency and amplitude (wave decomposition) |
| Rarefaction | Region of lower density in a wave |
| Condensation | Region of higher density in a wave |
| Sine Wave | A wave whose source vibrates with simple harmonic motion |
| Formants | - Results of certain frequency ranges in complex sounds moving through a resonating body - Groups of harmonics that receive emphasis in the oral tract |
| Definition of a wave | A disturbance traveling in an elastic medium |
| Inertia | The tendency of a body to remain in its present state of motion |
| In phase | When the cycles of 2 waves are in unison; they reach their maximum and minimum points simultaneously |
| Out of phase | When the motions of 2 waves are not in unison |
| Opposite phases | (180 degrees out of phase): when one wave is at a minimum point while the other is at a maximum point, and vice versa |
| Fundamental Frequency | The lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound |
| First Harmonic | The lowest tone of a harmonic series |
| Harmonic | A tone that is a component of a complex sound, whole number multiples of the F0 |
| Filter | Something that screens out some things, while leaving others in |
| Resonator | A hollow chamber whose dimensions allow the resonant oscillation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves |
| Resonance | The quality imparted to voiced speech sounds by the action of the resonating chambers of the throat and mouth and nasal cavities |
| Passband/ Bandwidth | The range of frequencies passing through a filter with maximum gain or minimum attenuation, can be broad OR narrow (depending on resonator shape) |
| Attenuation Rate | The rate at which the resonator's amplitude of response is attenuated, how fast the resonator decreases in its amplitude of response to different frequencies, shallowness or steepness of the slope of the resonance curve |
| True/False | The pitch of a sound depends on the resonant frequency of the resonator.... FALSE |
| Spectrogram | Plots the frequency of sound (on the y-axis) over time (on the x-axis) with the intensity of the sound represented by how dark it is |
| Obstruents | Sounds with significant obstruction of air: Stops, Fricatives, Affricates |
| Sonorants | Sounds with no obstruction; relatively open passage way: Nasals, Liquids, Glides |
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