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X chromosome the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females Y chromosome the sex chromosome that is carried by men autosomes all chromosomes except the X and Y zygote the diploid cell produced by the fusion of haploid gametes sperm sorting a method of separation sperm that carry Y chromosomes from sperm that carry X chromosomes; separated sperm are used in fertilization to determine the sex of the offspring Preimplantation genetic diagnosis a procedure that removes one cell from an early embryo for testing In vitro fertilization fertilization of an egg in a laboratory dish SRY Sex determining region of the Y chromosome mullerian ducts Earlier embryonic ducts that can develop into femal internal genitalia in the absence of testosteron. gonads an embryonic organ that gives rise to the testes or ovaries testosterone a steroid hormone produced by the testes; the male sex hormone complete androgen insensitivity a genetic condition that causes and XY karyotype child to appear female androgen receptor a gene that encodes the protein that acts as a receptor for male hormones Barr body the inactivated X chromosome in females X inactivation in female mammals, the inactivation of one X chromosome in each somatic cell wolfian ducts develop into male internal genitalia androgens influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice androgen receptor regulates gene expression and male phenotype