Midterms History Master List
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Created by:
javasmybaby on February 12, 2012
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146 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Weimar Republic | 1919-1933 |
| Hitler (life) | born April 1889 in Austria, fought in WW1 (1914-1918), went to jail for a failed coup with the Nazi Party April 1924, wrote Mein Kampf 1924, rose to power (dictatorship) in 1933 |
| Enabling Act | 1933 |
| Kristallnacht | November 9, 1938 |
| Rhineland | March 1936 |
| Anschluss | March 1938 |
| Sudetenland | October 1938 |
| Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact | August 1939 |
| D-Day | June 5, 1944 |
| Potsdam Conference | July 1945 |
| Heinrich Himmler | head of the SS |
| Battle of Stalingrad | the first battle the Germans lost, they surrendered to the USSR, this was the start of Germany's and Hitler's decline of power |
| Joseph Goebbels | Nazi Minister of Propaganda |
| Yalta Conference | February 1945, Allies agree to meet to discuss how to replace League of Nations (becomes United Nations); US and USSR disagree about future of formerly-Nazi-controlled territory (USSR wants it to be Communist, US wants it to be democratic), which starts the Cold War and included proxy wars (Proxy War: a war of smaller countries funded by bigger countries, US and USSR never directly fought each other, using other countries instead) |
| Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere | the empire Japan wanted to create, ruling the other Asian countries (used false propaganda to advertise) |
| Tehran Conference | November 1943 meeting of the Big Three to strategize how to finally defeat Germany (decided to pinch Germany from both sides—US and UK from from West, USSR from East) |
| Potsdam Conference | 1945 (after V-E Day but before Japan's surrender), Cold War tensions continue, spheres of influence established as a (temporary) compromise between US and USSR (world superpowers) that are split by an "iron curtain" through Germany with a corresponding line dividing Berlin (Berlin Wall) |
| Munich Conference | the meeting between Hitler and the Allies where Hitler made them falsely believe that he was done taking land |
| Hyperinflation | when a government prints money that has no value; the money's value decreases really fast and prices skyrocket; it became more beneficial to burn the German marks (money) for heat instead of spending it |
| Weimar Republic | German government before Nazis, hyperinflation and the Depression caused great unrest |
| John Maynard Keynes | economist/philosopher who thought it was too excessive to make Germany pay all those reparations from WW1, wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace, believed in deficit spending to save an economy |
| Deficit spending | the idea that a government should go into debt in order to fix the economy (i.e. build infrastructure to create jobs) |
| Adolf Hitler | Nazi dictator who started out as a soldier in WW1, then joined the Nazi party, was thrown in jail for being part of a failed coup, wrote Mein Kampf, which outlined his plan to purify Germany and the world, rose to power in Germany, created the Enabling Act, which allowed him to become dictator, and persecuted non-Aryans, eventually killing millions in concentration camps, forced marches, gas chambers, and plain murder. He killed himself when it was evident that the Allies were going to win WW2. |
| Nazi | short for National Socialist German Workers' Party; started as a political party but turned into a horrible, well-run, racist killing machine |
| Enabling Act | allowed Hitler and the German government (run by Nazis) to ignore the constitution for four years in order to fix the economy, this act was really a ploy to make Hitler dictator |
| Aryan | the so-called "ideal" race of blond, blue-eyed whites who supposedly descended from a superior race of knights, these people were the ideal Germans |
| Lebensraum | "living space" for the Germans, the excuse for why Germany needed to expand into other countries (once the countries were purified, there would be plenty of room for all Germans and German-speaking people→Aryans) |
| Führer | "country, government," Hitler's title (he became the state himself—soldiers and citizens swore allegiance directly to Hitler) |
| Nuremberg laws | 1935, deprived Jews of citizenship and outlawed marriage between Jews and non-Jews (NOT Nuremburg Trials) |
| Kristallnacht | "the Night of Broken Glass," when anti-Semitics (Nazis and Nazi supporters) smashed the windows of Jewish businesses, homes, etc, as well as temples and anything associated with non-Aryan people |
| Rhineland | the area between France and Germany that was supposed to be a buffer zone between the two countries, this was the first area Hitler took over for Germany |
| Policy of appeasement | the Allies' wrong idea that Hitler would stop taking land if they just stood back and gave him what he wanted |
| Benito Mussolini | Hitler's idol, the fascist dictator of Italy |
| Anschluss | the union of Austria and Germany; annexation of Austria in 1938 |
| Sudetenland | the half of Czechoslovakia nearest Germany, which was filled with German-speaking people, taken back in late 1938 |
| Joseph Stalin | Russian dictator who cosigned the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler |
| Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact | the agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other and to split Poland between them |
| Manchurian Incident | when some Japanese soldiers dressed as Chinese militants in order to bomb a Japanese train and give Japan an excuse to invade Manchuria (and others) |
| Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere | the empire Japan wanted to create, ruling the other Asian countries (used false propaganda to advertise) |
| Battle of Britain | the fight between Germany and Britain for control of the air above England |
| Luftwaffe | the German air force, was very powerful but lost confidence in the Battle of Britain |
| Battle of Stalingrad | the first battle the Germans lost, they surrendered to the USSR, this was the start of Germany's and Hitler's decline of power |
| D-Day | when the Allies launched a huge offensive, landing on beaches in N France |
| Genocide | mass murder based on race |
| Auschwitz | one of the worst concentration camps |
| Holocaust | another word for the Final Solution, aka the genocide of Jews and non-Aryans |
| Potsdam Conference | 1945 (after V-E Day but before Japan's surrender), Cold War tensions continue, spheres of influence established as a (temporary) compromise between US and USSR (world superpowers) that are split by an "iron curtain" through Germany with a corresponding line dividing Berlin (Berlin Wall) |
| Ruhr Valley | an area that Germany and France had been competing for; France took this valley (great resources) from Germany when they couldn't pay the WW1 reparations |
| Dawes Plan | American policy to loan Germany money to pay back reparations, but the US didn't loan them enough |
| Reichstag | the German parliament, which the Nazis took over (won majority of elections) in 1933 |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's book, which outlined his plans for a 'pure' Germany and world, this was disregarded |
| Heinrich Himmler | head of the SS |
| Joseph Goebbels | Nazi Minister of Propaganda |
| Munich Conference | the meeting between Hitler and the Allies where Hitler made them falsely believe that he was done taking land |
| Blitzkrieg | "lightning war," the series of fast, serious attacks by the Germans on their enemies, especially on Britain by the air |
| Isolationism/neutrality acts | the US wanted no part in the war, so these acts were passed to prevent FDR from entering the war |
| Collaborators | non-Aryan, anti-Semitic people who helped the Nazis find and kill Jews (still racists, but neither Jew nor Nazi→help Nazis to save your own skin) |
| Einsatzgruppen | mobile death camps; squads of Nazi soldiers who found Jews, forced them to dig mass graves for themselves, then murdered them |
| Tehran Conference | November 1943 meeting of the Big Three to strategize how to finally defeat Germany (decided to pinch Germany from both sides—US and UK from from West, USSR from East) |
| Yalta Conference | February 1945, Allies agree to meet to discuss how to replace League of Nations (becomes United Nations); US and USSR disagree about future of formerly-Nazi-controlled territory (USSR wants it to be Communist, US wants it to be democratic), which starts the Cold War and included proxy wars (Proxy War: a war of smaller countries funded by bigger countries, US and USSR never directly fought each other, using other countries instead) |
| Nuremburg Trials | agreed on at the Potsdam Conference, trials to prosecute Nazis who committed crimes against humanity (genocide) |
| V-E Day | Victory in Europe Day, May of 1945, Germany surrendered |
| Neville Chamberlain | English prime minister, advocated for the appeasement policy |
| Old Imperialism | non-Westerner/non-European is human because of Adam and Eve (Christian faith), but if they don't convert to Christianity, Christians are entitled to use them (ie slavery) |
| New Imperialism | non-Westerner/non-European is not human because of "science" (really based on a skewed misinterpretation of actual science) |
| El Requerimiento (The Requirement) | primary source, Spanish captains read it (in Spanish) to the peoples they encountered, it said that in order to have peace, they must convert to Christianity (Catholocism)-->if they didn't, they were enslaved, came before Columbus's time |
| Howard Zinn | secondary source, socialist American historian who was critical of Columbus's first 2 voyages (more opinionated) |
| Mark Cocker | secondary source, wrote a critical and detailed account of Europeans meeting non-Europeans (about 1500-1900); "Tribal society made a contribution to the wealth of European nations which is of incalculable magnitude" (p. 19) |
| globalization | the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism (Europeans spread their culture as they explored), 1492-present |
| Before World War 1 | continental alliances were built up, rivalries grew over the Balkans (Russia vs Austria-Hungary vs nationalist Balkan population), new technology=countries wanted to try it out |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later become Central Powers) |
| Triple Entente | Britain, Russia, France (later become Allied Powers) |
| powder keg | aka Balkan Crisis, Balkan nationalism emerges as Ottoman Empire falls |
| militarism | generals, countries, etc just wanted to use new weapons and technology |
| nationalism | devotion to the idea of a country (ie Serbians (protected by big brother Russia), who wanted to re-create their empire, have Slavs as slaves, and control Bosnia and Herze-Govina) |
| imperialism | Rivalry over colonies and international trade/natural resources (Germany, Italy, etc would be a new source of wealth and resources if conquered) |
| deaths | Germany (1.8 m), Russia (1.7 m), France (1.3 m), Austria-Hungary (1.2 m), British Empire (908k), US (116k) |
| Schlieffen Plan | Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia (the plan failed) |
| war of attrition | A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses |
| new WW1 technologies | planes, machine guns, poison gas, grenades/explosives |
| Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. |
| Kepler | This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun |
| Galileo | created a better telescope (proved the sun has spots and the moon has craters--> disproved Catholic Church), wrote The Starry Messenger 1610, and The Dialogue 1632 advocating heliocentrism |
| Isaac Newton | laws of motion, gravity, heliocentrism |
| Girondins | the moderates in the National Convention, controlled the legislative assembly until 1793, when, with the war going poorly and food shortages hurting French peasants, the Jacobins ousted them from power. |
| Danton | French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794) |
| Marat | French revolutionary leader and newspaper writer/editor (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondins and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793) |
| Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |
| Fulton | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) |
| Edison | most versatile inventor, invented the phonograph, the moving picture and the light bulb |
| Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) |
| fields of study in the Scientific Revolution | biology, chemistry, things to do with natural life, NOT engineering |
| causes of the Sci Rev | new technology (Galileo's telescope), Protestant Reformation, individualism grows |
| Descartes | Wrote Discourse on Method; wrote four rules for reasoning, rationalist, "I think, therefore, I am" |
| Francis Bacon | developed the scientific method; empiricist (experimentation is the chief source of knowledge); trial and error, "goal of the sciences...human life be endowed with new discoveries and power," practical thinker (how can science benefit humans) |
| deduction | rationalism, reason is the chief source of knowledge (Descartes) |
| induction | empiricism, experimentation is the chief source of knowledge (Bacon) |
| deism | scientists kept faith in God as the creator, fate is set (Newtonian world-machine) |
| theism | humans have free will (that's why Confession is important) |
| Discourse on Method | 1) Don't believe anything without reason or proof. 2) Look at the little things, then the big picture. 3) Start easy, then go big. Look for patterns. 4) Show all your work. |
| Goal of Scientific Revolution | truth about the universe/earth (rationalism and empiricism are both ways to get there)--16th-17th cent |
| secularism | being non-religious |
| John Locke | 1632-1704, English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people (bodyguard government); also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property, believed man's natural state is peaceful, important to democracy and American Constitution, tabula rasa (blank slate) |
| goal of the enlightenment | truth about human nature and life (17th- 18th cent), reason, progress, truth, peace |
| fields of study in the enlightenment | psychology, anthropology, economics, engineering |
| Thomas Hobbes | 1588-1679, human's state of nature is violent ("nasty, brutish, and short"), so there must be an absolute monarchy/dictatorship to have peace, dog-eat-dog, wrote the Leviathan |
| philosophe | French Enlightenment thinkers, through them the Enlightenment was spread to greatly expanded reading public (Newspapers and magazines multiplied thanks to printing press), centered in Paris, promoted in salons |
| French Revolution | 1789-1799, subjects no longer wanted a corrupt authoritarian ruler--> wanted participatory citizenship (like American Revolution) |
| Montesquieu | used the scientific method to discover natural laws that govern social and political human life, religious tolerance, 3 types of gov't based on population (small-->republic, medium-->monarchy, large-->despotism or absolute monarchy), theorized about checks and balances |
| Voltaire | 1763, critical of Christianity, promoted religious tolerance, deist |
| Diderot | edited encyclopedia (empowered the individual) |
| Adam Smith | base of capitalism, like the Physiocrats and Hobbes, wrote Wealth of Nations (1776), productivity theory, simple mercantilist theory (goal of economy=money) |
| Beccaria | reform of criminal justice system (led to Miranda warning, 5th, 6th, and 8th Amendments) |
| dissemination of Enlightenment ideas in the late 1700s | new ideas are spreading, publications increase, higher literacy rates, salons |
| Rousseau | wrote The Social Contract and Emile, like Locke (bodyguard gov't), "man is born free but is born in chains" |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, the ability to reason is the criteria for being human, start of women's rights movement |
| John Wesley | founded Methodism (anyone can talk directly to God, fate is not predetermined) |
| significance of the French Revolution | 1st revolution that was meant to fundamentally change social structure (sets precedent for next 200 yrs), the Enlightenment's new ideas offered the French people another option |
| causes of the French Rev | bankruptcy (wasteful king), unfair taxation, famine, disproportional land ownership |
| Tennis Court Oath | a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution, start of the war on paper |
| Abbe Sieyes | Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" arguing that the government should be responsible to the people (mostly 3rd Estate--> Sieyes said the 3rd estate is the Nation) |
| cahier des doleances | book of complaints |
| ancien regime | the old regime, the King + absolutist monarchy |
| power of the crowd | join or die (that's why so many people joined the movement) |
| Fall of the Bastille | the crowd destroyed a symbol of oppression (it was the King's private prison), start of the fighting |
| metric system | part of the fundamental change, based on logic |
| constitution of the clergy | separates church from French gov't (clergy and aristocrats become lower than 3rd Estate) |
| national assembly | renamed Estates General, meets regularly (E.G. met once every 160 years or so, as the King wanted) |
| pre-emptive war | France vs Austria, France won |
| Maximilian Robespierre | leader of the Jacobins, suggested a new calendar (10-day weeks) and the metric system as part of the de-Christianization of France |
| Marat | paranoid-->revolutionary fervor-->fuels revolution and Reign of Terror |
| Reign of Terror | started late 1791-early 1792, picked up mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed |
| order of power | absolutist monarchy-->constitutional monarchy-->republic (National Convention) |
| sans-culottes | means "without breeches," patriots |
| Jacobins | a political faction in the National Assembly led by Robespierre |
| National Convention | merging of Nat'l Assembly and Paris Commune |
| Committee of Public Safety | police force that found and killed "traitors" who didn't go along with the Revolution |
| civic virtue | duty/responsibility to your country |
| French Constitution | 1795, failed (prices were too high and couldn't be controlled, bicameral house that required a certain amount of money/property for participation) |
| Industrial Revolution | began in England, 1750-1880, factory work instead of farm labor, 40 hour work week begins, labor unions are formed, women and kids start working in factories, feudal system-->hypercapitalism (most people don't share in the wealth) |
| cottage industries | handmade products, decrease due to urban migration (after private property starts up) |
| signature products of the Indust. Rev. | cotton-->textiles-->closets, coal-->energy, iron-->metalworks-->ships and machines, railroad+steamship-->transportation is better/faster |
| Thomas Malthus | 1750, theorized that food will eventually run out because population growth will exceed food growth |
| Karl Marx | German, writes about the 2 new informal social classes (middle class/bourgeois, who own the means of production and working class/proletariat, who operate the factories) |
| Friedrich Engels | co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, German who saw big issues with English class difference |
| dialectical materialism | the theory that societies go through cyclical revolutions inspired by changes in material necessities |
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