AP Bio Ch 23-24
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86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anemia | An abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells |
| aorta | The largest blood vessel of the cardiovascular system |
| arteriole | A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed. |
| artery | A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body |
| artherosclerosis | Complicated disease in which a buildup of fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries |
| artificial pacemaker | Electronic device surgically implanted that emits electrical signals that trigger normal heartbeats. |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract. |
| atrium (plural, atria) | Chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart. |
| blood | A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended. |
| blood pressure | The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel. |
| capillary | A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues |
| capillary bed | A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body. |
| cardiac cycle | The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart. |
| cardiac output | The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart. |
| cardiovascular disease | Diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
| cardiovascular system | Closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| circulatory system | Consists of the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels that transport it |
| closed circulatory system | Circulatory systems in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid |
| diastole | The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed |
| fibrin | The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen |
| fibrinogen | Inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin |
| heart attack | When one or more blood vessels are blocked, heart muscle cells will quickly die |
| hypertension | High blood pressure |
| inferior vena cava | Large vein that drains blood from the lower body. |
| leukemia | Cancer of the blood-forming tissues |
| open circulatory system | Arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly |
| pacemaker | Also called the sinoatrial (SA) node. |
| phagocytes | Eat bacteria, foreign proteins that enter the body through wounds, and the debris from other body cells |
| plasma | Liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended |
| platelet | Small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting |
| pulmonary arteries | Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
| pulmonary circuit | Branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs |
| pulmonary veins | Return the arterialized blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart |
| pulse | Rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood |
| red blood cell | Erythrocyte |
| superior vena cava | Large vein that channels oxygen-poor blood from the upper body. |
| systemic circuit | Branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs |
| systole | Stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood. |
| vein | A vessel that returns blood to the heart. |
| ventricle | A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart |
| venule | A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein. |
| white blood cell | Leukocyte |
| active immunity | Immunity conferred by recovering from an infectious disease |
| allergens | Antigens that cause allergies |
| allergies | Abnormal sensitivities to antigens in our surroundings |
| anaphylactic shock | An acute, life-threatening, allergic response |
| antibody | An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells |
| antigen | A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism |
| antigen receptor | Transmembrane versions of antibody molecules that B cells and T cells use to recognize specific antigens |
| antigen-binding site | Region of the antibody molecule responsible for the antibody's recognition-and-binding function |
| antigenic determinants | Localized regions on the surface of an antigen molecule |
| antigen-presenting cell (APCs) | cells that ingest bacteria and viruses and present them to helper T cells |
| antihistamine | Drugs that interfere with histamine's action and give temporary relief from an allergy |
| autoimmune disease | An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself |
| B cells | Lymphocytes that secrete antibodies |
| cell-mediated immunity | Type of immunity that functions in defense against viruses inside host cells and against tissue transplants |
| clonal selection | Mechanism that determines specificity and accounts for antigen memory in the immune system |
| complement proteins | A set of about 20 serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps leading to the lysis of microbes |
| cytotoxic T cell (TC) | Type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells |
| helper T cell (TH) | Type of T cell that is required by some B cells to help them make antibodies |
| histamine | Substance released by injured cells that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response |
| humoral immunity | Type of immunity that fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids with antibodies that circulate in blood |
| immune system | Protects the body by attacking foreign substances, infectious microbes, and cancer cells |
| immunity | Resistance to specific invaders through the immune system |
| immunodeficiency disease | Any deficiency in the ability to produce an effective immune response |
| inflammatory response | Line of defense triggered by penetration of the skin or mucous membranes |
| interferon | Chemical messenger, produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus |
| lymph | Colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals |
| lymphatic system | System of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system |
| lymphocyte | A white blood cell |
| macrophage | An amoeboid cell that moves through tissue fibers, engulfing bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis |
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | A large set of cell surface antigens encoded by a family of genes |
| mast cell | Cell that produces histamine |
| monoclonal antibody | Defensive protein produced by cells descended from a single cell |
| monocyte | Leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage |
| natural killer (NK) cell | Nonspecific defensive cell that attacks tumor cells and destroys infected body cells |
| neutrophil | Most abundant type of leukocyte |
| nonself molecules | Foreign antigens that are bound by the special protein belonging to the macrophage |
| passive immunity | Temporary immunity obtained by acquiring ready-made antibodies |
| perforin | Protein secreted by a cytotoxic T cell that lyses an infected cell |
| plasma cell | A derivative of B cells that secretes antibodies |
| primary immune response | The initial immune response to an antigen |
| secondary immune response | The immune response elicited when an animal encounters the same antigen at some later time |
| self protein | Special protein that belongs to the macrophage |
| T cells | Cell that produces perforins |
| vaccination | A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen |
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