| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Phillip II | son of Charles V, took over after he quit. was an absolute ruler and believed in Divine Right |
| absolute ruler | when ruler has complete power over government and lives of people |
| Divine Right | when ruler believes his authority to rule came directly from god, similar to mandate of heaven |
| Spanish Armada | why: because English sea dogs attacked Spanish ships coming from the americas Who: Phillip launches armada against England and Queen Elizebeth What:: 131 ships to invade and seize control of England |
| Duke Medina Sedonia | led Spanish armada |
| armada battle results | the English. while the ships were waiting for soldiers to arrive, England launched several fire ships |
| Battle of Lepanto | Spain allies defeat Ottomans ( Muslims) which stops Muslim expansion in Europe, known as the Last Crusade |
| Peter the Great | czar of Russia, tried to westernize Russia, wanted Russia be like western Europe, was not concerned with preserving Russian culture and tradition |
| Peter the Great | reorganized army, navy, gov., church, put church under his control, built schools, hospitals, taxed tobacco and beards, however he failed at gaining a warm water port |
| St. Petersburg | built by Peter the Great, was a "window to the west" and a symbol of the new modern Russia |
| Louis | ruler of France, made "i am state" modo, built up Versailles |
| estates general | the French legislature |
| Edict of Nantes | Henry IV granted freedom of worship for French Huguenots (Calvinists) |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Limited Constitutional monarchy | limiting what monarch can do |
| Habeas Corpus | when arrested by police, they must tell you why within 24 hours |
| Parliament | legislature/ law-making body |
| Thorough | centralizing gov. and giving less power to the monarchy |
| Claredon Code | said only member of the Church of England could participate in gov. |
| Declaration of Indulgences | undid the Claredon Code, made by Charles |
| Test Act | parliament passed it to discriminate against Catholics, rulers had o agree with what the Act said, (if they were Catholic it would be impossible for them to agree) |
| Toleration Act | gave equality to Protestants but outlawed Catholics |
| westernization | to bring modern ideas from western Europe, Peter the Great tried to do this in Russia |
| Maria Theresa | ruler of Austria, the Hapsburg family, Enlightened despot, helped the people, similar to Queen Elizabeth |
| Enlightened despot | when a ruler used their power to help the people |
| Frederick II | ruled Prussia, Protestant and tolerated all religions except Jews, set up bureaucracy, improved military |
| Ottoman Empire | Islam Empire that controlled area near Greece |
| English Civil War | results when Parliament presents the " Grand Remonstrate to king, the Roundheads vs. the Cavaliers |
| William and Mary | became new monarchs of England after war, known as ' the Glorious Revolution" , agreed to follow the Bill of Rights |
| Petition of Rights | limited the power of Charles I of England a) couldn't declare martial law. b) couldn't collect taxes. c) couldn't imprision people w/o cause. d) soldiers couldn't be housed w/o consent. |
| Catherine the Great | gained a warm water port for Russia on the Black Sea |
| Bill of Rights | Will and Mary had to accept this before becoming rulers of England |
| Cavaliers | English on Charles' side |
| Roundheads | English on Parliaments side |
| Robert Walpole | military dictator and first prime minister of England |
Combine with other sets
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