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Munn v. Illinois 1877; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. Wabash v. Illinois 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. Interstate Commerce Act Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices, prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions Meat Inspection Act 1906-Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. Pure Food and Drug Act 1906-Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909-Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff). Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy 1909-Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot. Election of 1912 Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win Underwood Tariff Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax Federal Reserve System 1913 - central banking system of the US - created by the Federal Reserve Act - quasi public system Federal Trade Commission (WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914-An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property. Coal Strike 1902 Strike by the United Coal Workers of America, threatening to shut down the winter coal supply. Theodore Roosevelt intervened federally, and resolved the dispute First Airplane Flown by the Wright Brothers in 1903. Wright Flyer No. 3 Northern Securities A railroad trust organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill that was sued by the Sherman Antitrust Case, one of the first trusts to be busted by TR in 1904 Industrial Workers of the World ... Social Gospel Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization. "In His Steps" by Charles Sheldon ... Muckraker Journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s "How the Other Half Lives" By Jacob Riis ... "Shame of the Cities" by Lincoln Steffens ... "History of the Standard Oil Company" by Ida Tarbell ... "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair ... Square Deal President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportunity to succeed Conservation the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party This political party was formed by T. Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President W.H. Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket. New Nationalism Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them New Freedom Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one. Sixteenth Amendment The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. Seventeenth Amendment 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators Eighteenth Amendment Amendment forbids the sale and manufacture of liquor and made it illegal in 1919. Nineteenth Amendment the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Theodore Roosevelt 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War William H. Taft Elected 27th President in 1909-1913, approached reform cautiously, wanted to control things through economic means , Dollar Diplomacy, lost to Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election. Woodrow Wilson 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize Eugene V. Debs Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. Robert LaFollette Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations