LING 316 - Chapter 4
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Boyle's Law | in a closed system, air pressure and volume and inversely proportional |
| Equalization of pressure | air always flows from a region of higher pressure to lower pressure, so when the air pressure inside is lower than the atmospheric pressure, the outside air rushes in, and vice versa. |
| Negative-pressure breathing | the action of creating a vacuum to suck air into the lungs. |
| Tidal breathing | regular kind of breathing people do when they are relaxed. 40% inspiration 60% expiration |
| Tidal breathing volume | 0.5L males 0.4L females |
| Tidal Volume | TV; the small amount of air exchanged during tidal breathing |
| Vital Capacity | VC; maximum amount of air a person can exchange through breathing 4-5L males 3-4L females |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | IRV; the maximum volume of air you can inhale after tidal inspiration |
| IRV amount | 3L males 2L females |
| Expiratory reserve volume | ERV; the maximum volume of air you can expel after tidal inspiration |
| ERV amount | just over 1L males just under 1L females |
| Components of VC | vital capacity; made up of TV+IRV+ERV |
| Inspiratory capacity | IC; made up of TV+IRV |
| Residual volume | RV; a volume of air that is never emptied unless the lung collapses |
| RV amount | just over 1L males just under 1L females |
| Functional residual capacity | FRC; made up of the RV+ERV sometimes called relaxation volume because it represents the total volume of the lungs after exhaling and completely relaxing |
| FRC amount | 2-3L males close to 2L females |
| Total lung capacity | TLC; made up of TV+IRV+ERV+RV |
| TLC amount | 5-6L males 4-5L females |
| Speech breathing | can use between 25-70% of the VC, depending on how long and how loudly the speaker intends to speak. Inspiration time is short (10%) and expiration time is long (90%) of the duration of a speech respiration cycle because of the continuous need to breathe out slowly during speech production. |
| Plethysmograph | a device used to measure the amount of air volume exchanged during respiration |
| Components of a plethysmograph | airtight container big enough to hold a whole person, an airflow meter used to measure airflow, and a pressure transducer used to measure lung pressure |
| Uses of plethysmograph | used for medical diagnoses of respiratory problems, and also can be paired with EMG measurements to track when muscles are recruited during the respiratory cycle |
| What a plethysmograph measures | a person's vital capacity, rate of respiration and oral pressure during speech |
| Lungs | inside the thorax and are composed of a light airy tissue with pockets of air resulting in a spongy texture |
| Alveoli | the spongy material of the lungs; there are millions of them that make up the lungs; they fill up with air and are surrounded by an intricate network of blood vessels for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Pleura | a double layer of waterproof membrane that surrounds each lung |
| Visceral pleura | the inner layer, attached to the lungs |
| Parietal pleura | the outer layer, attached to the inside wall of the thorax |
| How do the lungs stay inflated? | there is a a thin film of fluid between the 2 pleural layers that produce a force of suction between them. |
| Vertebrae | the small bones that make up the spine. There are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, & coccyx Cervical and thoracic nerves are important for speech. |
| Atlas | the C1 vertebra; the skull rests on top of here |
| Axis | the C2 vertebra; the atlas rests on top of here |
| Atlas and axis | these are shaped and positioned to allow a range of movement, enabling the head to nod and rotate |
| Cervical vertebrae | there are 7 (C1-C7) aside from the skull, no other bones attach to these vertebrae. |
| Thoracic vertebrae | there are 12 (T1-T12) each has two wing-like transverse processes (or sideward protrusions) that stick out to attach the the ribs |
| Ribs | sometimes called costae. Are long flattish bones that connect to each thoracic vertebra and wrap around toward the front of the thorax |
| True ribs | the uppermost 7 ribs originate from T1-T7 connect to the sternum, with cartilage in between |
| False ribs | beneath the 7 true ribs there are 5, originating from T8-T12 do not connect directly to the sternum the top 3 (T8, T9, and T10) connect to cartilages that merge into the cartilage of the 7th rib |
| Floating ribs | the bottom two ribs of the false ribs do not connect to the sternum at all T11 and T12 |
| Sternum | flat bone around the front of the thorax. There are 3 parts: manubrium (top) long thin body (middle) small xyphoid process (bottom) |
| Clavicles | there are two; also called collarbones. Attach to the sides of the manubrium and extend laterally to the shoulders. |
| Scapulae | or shoulder blades; two broad, flat bones each of which connects to the clavicle and the upper arm |
| Pump handle motion | describes the front-to-back expansion of the lungs. The whole sternum lifts up, lifting the whole ribcage. |
| Bucket handle motion | describes the motion that allows the lungs to expand side-to-side; lungs expand laterally to gain volume |
| Three key passive forces of breathing | torque, elasticity and gravity |
| Torque | the "twist" in the hard parts (bones and cartilage); basically the twisting force in a hard structure. The ribs, for example, will spring back to resting position, and can only twist so far. |
| Elasticity | the resistance of soft tissue (lung tissue and respiratory muscles); resistance to being stretched or pulled. |
| Torque and elasticity | these two forces oppose each other, resulting in rest position of partially inflated lungs |
| Gravity | effects rest volume in whether someone is standing, sitting, or lying down because posture affects the amount of force abdominal contents exert on diaphragm and therefore thoracic volume. |
| Muscles of inspiration | external intercostals (EI) interchondral internal intercostals (III) diaphragm |
| Diaphragm | a large dome-shaped sheet of muscle below the lungs. Forms a barrier between the thorax above and the abdomen beneath. Originates at the upper lumbar and domes upward. When it contracts, it pulls down, lowering the floor of the thorax, expanding the lung volume. Can only inhale with diaphragm, not exhale. |
| Diaphragmatic breathing | "abdominal/belly breathing" pulls down on bottom of the lungs, expanding them for inhalation. Squishes abdominal contents, making your belly bulge out. |
| Innervation of diaphragm | phrenic nerve (begins with a merger of cervical nerves C3-C% and runs downward through the thorax) |
| Reasons to use diaphragmatic breathing | (1) ab muscles are strong, which allows for strong and consistent lung contraction (2) muscles we use to expand and contract ribcage connect to muscles in neck (therefore to larynx and speech articulators); tensing these muscles allows for less flexibility with singing and speaking |
| Intercostals | makes up a two-layered system of muscles running between the ribs, wrapping around the thorax in different directions. Have inspiratory subgroups, and expiratory subgroups. All contribute to bucket handle motion. |
| External intercostals | muscles for inspiration; bucket handle motion; run along outside of ribs, and are more superficial; 11 pairs |
| Course of EI muscles | run high in the back from the vertebrae to the front of the body, running diagonally so they are low in the front. They stop when they reach cartilages at front of ribcage, i.e. do not reach the sternum |
| Innervation of EI muscles | there are 11 pairs and each is innervated by thoracic nerves T1-T11 respectively |
| Interchondral internal intercostals | muscles for inspiration; bucket handle motion; run between cartilaginous parts of ribs 1-8; they run underneath and are attached to the inside of the ribs |
| Course of III muscles | link the ribcage to higher points on the sternum so when they contract they pull the lower cartilages up and away from the centre of the body; stop where the cartilage and bone of each rib meet |
| Innervation of the III muscles | each pair is innervated by thoracic nerves T1-T7 respectively |
| Accessory muscles: forced inspiration | muscles activated only during extreme or forced inspiration (ex. gasping for air, or a very deep breath). Include: sternocleidomastoid (SCM) scalene muscles (infrahyoid) serratus posterior superior |
| Serratus posterior superior | four thin muscles along the spine; aid in bucket handle motion during forced inspiration |
| Origin of serratus posterior superior | C7-T2 |
| Insertion of serratus posterior superior | ribs 2-5 |
| Innervation of serratus posterior superior | by nerves T2-T5 |
| Sternocleidomastoid | SCM; "head turn" muscle; raises the sternum for pump handle motion in forced inspiration |
| Origin of SCM | in two places: manubrium of the sternum and middle of the clavicle |
| Insertion of SCM | mastoid process |
| Innervation of SCM | spinal part of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI) |
| Infrahyoid muscles | "strap muscles"; thin strap-like muscles that attach to the larynx and tongue root above; can also be used to raise the sternum for forced inspiration |
| Expiratory muscles | act like someone pushing handles closer together reducing air volume, increasing pressure, causing air to rush in. Include: interosseous internal intercostals (II) abdominal muscles |
| Internal intercostals | deeper than EI muscles; as a system it creates a strong sheet linking the ribcage to lower parts of the spine; when they contract it pulls the ribs down and back in a bucket handle motion |
| Course of II muscles | run back and downward origin: inner edge of each lower rib insertion: inner edge of next upper rib obliquely run between bony parts of the ribs |
| Innervation of the II muscles | each one innervated by corresponding nerve, T1-T11 |
| Rectus abdominis | RA; outermost anterior ab muscle extends from top of hipbone/groin to lower costal cartilages that connect ribs 5-7 to sternum |
| Contraction of RA muscles | pulls ribs down and inward in pump handle motion |
| Innervation of RA muscles | thoracic nerves T6 (or T7) to T12 |
| External obliques | EO; covered by RA muscles make up most of the outer ab layer on the sides broad, thin muscles |
| Course of EO muscles | connects from just under sides of RA in front running around to the back in an upward angle |
| Contraction of EO muscles | contract to squeeze in ab cavity, pushing diaphragm up against bottom of lungs |
| Innervation of EO muscles | innervated by T7-T12 |
| Internal obliques | IO; are the middle layer of muscle on the side abdomen |
| Course of IO muscles | run perpendicular to EO from the back in a triangular shape to the top of the pelvic bone and halfway up the chest along the midline |
| Contraction of IO muscles | contract to squeeze guts into abdominal cavity (same as EO muscles) |
| Innervation of IO muscles | by T7-T12 and L1 (first lumbar vertebra) |
| Transverse abdominis | the deepest of the ab muscles wraps horizontally around the front of the body |
| Course of TA muscles | origin: in a line along the crest of the pelvis and the lower edges of the ribcage insertion: linea alba (a white line of connective tissue that runs up and down along frontal midline of stomach) |
| Contraction of TA muscles | contracts to squeeze guts in (like EO, and IO) |
| Innevation of TA muscles | T6 (or T7) to T12 and L1 |
| Accessory muscles of expiration: deep AMS | recruited to force out last bits of air. Include: latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior inferior |
| Serratus posterior inferior | irregular quadrilateral muscles that originate T11-L3 and insert into ribs 9-12 contract to pull ribs down and backwards in a bucket handle motion (to force out last bits of air) innervated by T9-T12 |
| Inspiration during speech breathing | EI, III, diaphragm and levtor costalis muscles are recruited to take in more air in a shorter time during inspiration faster and less controlled |
| Expiration during speech breathing | EI, III, diaphragm and levator costalis muscles stay active at lesser constriction strengths to slow contraction of lungs and allow for air to escape in a slower, more controlled manner |
| Subglottal air pressure | air pressure below the glottis |
| II muscles in speech breathing | these muscles are recruited to continue expiration at the time just after no muscles (inspiratory nor expiratory) are active, the point in time when air pressure is balanced |
| Pneumotachograph | or a speech airflow meter, is a tool that can be used to measure airflow during speech; used to study oral and nasal airflow |
| Components of a pneumotachograph | airtight mask that covers the mouth and/or nose attached to sensors that detect airflow. |
| Rothenberg mask | vent holes in a mask for a pneumotachograph |
| Function of a pneumotachograph | the mask works by measuring the pressure drop of airflow across a fine wire screen. The resistance of the wire screen can be determined by calibrating the mask. Changes in airflow are recorded as voltage changes. |
| Advantages of a pneumotachograph | high temporal resolution, affordable, not medically invasive |
| Disadvantages of a pneumotachograph | time-consuming: voltage transducers need to be calibrated individually, having mask over face may be unpleasant, interfere with audio recordings distorting amplitudes about 1000Hz |
| Doubling of air pressure in the lungs leads to... | a fourfold increase in sound pressure (which people experience as loudness) |
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