Unit 6
Order by
49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Loess | fertile soil deposited by the Huang He River |
| Oracle Bones | animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests scratched questions for gods; way to consult gods |
| Caligraphy | art of beautiful handwriting |
| Dynastic Cycle | the pattern of rise, decline & replacement of dynasties |
| Mandate of Heaven | royal authority came from heaven; central to government |
| Feudalism | a political system in which nobles or lords are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king |
| Philosophy | a system of beliefs and values |
| Filial Piety | practice of children respecting parents & elders |
| Confucianism | 500 BC: philosophy; founder = Confucius, human relationships to reform society, Filial Piety, bureaucracy, education is important to society & career advancement, people are good but need leadership examples, advice rulers on governance, one man ruler |
| Legalism | 220 BC: philosophy; founders = Hanfeiz & LiSi, urged harsh rule, powerful government was key to restoring order, stressed punishment, people are bad and need strong laws and punishments to maintain order, one man ruler |
| Daoism | 100 BC: philosophy; founder = Laozi, natural order more important than government & social order, Dao De Ching, Dao guides all things, the true way is above human understanding, Ying & Yang, Loa Tze: composite of many teachers, government = little impact on people's lives |
| I Ching | a book of oracles to answer ethical or practical problems; good advice & common sense = happy life |
| Civil Service | government jobs that civilians obtained by taking exams; the administrative departments of a government |
| Meritocracy | government made up of qualified people |
| Monopoly | occurs when a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods |
| Assimilation | process of making conquered people part of Chinese culture; way to unify empire |
| Tributary State | a country that pays tribute in money or goods to a more powerful nation |
| Moveable type | a printer that could arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make a page for printing |
| Gentry | powerful people; education & civil service positions; landowners; highest class |
| Pagoda | tower with many stories built as a temple or memorial |
| Mongols | a large collection of nomadic tribes that lived north of china in the steppes who were later united by Genghis Khan |
| Manchus | people of Manchuria who invaded China & established the Qing Dynasty |
| The Forbidden City | a palace built in Beijing; a monument to China's isolation; all commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission; only the emperor, his family and his court lived inside the palace; emperors conducted the bussiness of state and lived in luxury and isolation |
| Confucius | believed social order, harmony & a good government would reform society; born when Zhou Dynasty was torn apart by war lords |
| Laozi | thinker; believed natural order was more important to reforming society rather than social order and government |
| Hanfeizi | founder of Legalism |
| Shi Huangdi | first emperor of Qin Dynasty; unified China at the expense of human freedom; doubled China's size; Qin Chang (name before) |
| Liu Bang | rebelled against Xiang Yu and won; first emperor of Han Dynasty; lowered taxes, softened punishments, departed from Legalism, stability, peace; destroyed rival's power & won popular support |
| Empress Lu | appointed infants as emperors; made alliances & contacts with nobles; ruled as regent through son |
| Wudi | Han emperor; expanded thorough war; appointed qualified people to government jobs through a civil service test based on Confucianism |
| Genghis Khan | leader who united the Mongols and began invasion of China |
| Tang Taizong | begun Tang Empire's achievements, restored middle kingdom to glory; expansion, strengthened government, expanded roads & canals, lowered taxes & took land from wealthy, promoted foreign trade & improvements in agriculture |
| Wang Mang | overthrew Han Dynasty and started Xin Dynasty; restored order and brought country under control; printed more $ -> relieved debt; took land away from nobles and redistributed to poor |
| Wu Zhao | first women emperor in China, continued Taizong's work |
| Kublai Khan | first foreigner to rule all of China; established Yuan Dynasty -> united China & opened it to greater foreign contacts and trade; moved Mongol capital to Mongolia to China; tolerated culture; no change to government |
| Hongwu | commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out; first emperor of the Ming Dynasty; made reforms: restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongol past & promote China's prosperity & power; returned to Confucian moral standards; restored civil service exam |
| Yonglo | emperor of Ming Dynasty; moved royal court to Beijing; launched exploration voyages |
| Marco Polo | trader from Venice; served in Mongol court; captured & imprisoned in a war against Venice's rival city -> fellow prisoner wrote a book about his stories about China (many did not believe him); described Khan to Europeans |
| Zheng He | lead exploration voyages; the voyages impressed the world with their power & expanded the tribute system; traveled to southeast Asia, India, Arabia & eastern Africa |
| Kangxi | emperor of Qing Dynasty; reduced government expenses & lowered taxes; offered intellectuals government positions; Jesuits at court -> informed about developments in science, math & medicine |
| Shang Dynasty | 1532-1027 BC: first family to leave written records, built elaborate palaces & tombs, sharp division between nobles & peasants |
| Zhou Dynasty | 1027-256 BC: controlled thorough Feudalism, improvements in technology & trade (silk, coined $, cast iron) |
| Qin Dynasty | 221 BC: doubled China's size, program of centralization, The Great Wall of China was completed |
| Han Dynasty | 202 BC - 220 AD: paper, silk, territorial expansion brings people of many cultures under Chinese rule, gap between rich and poor increases, civil service test |
| Tang Empire | 618-907 AD: porcelain, gunpowder & magnetic compass, great art & poetry |
| Song Dynasty | 960-1279 AD: moveable type, paper money & mechanical clock, greatest sea power, cultivation of rice, great art |
| Yuan Dynasty | 1279-1368 AD: dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song, kept separate identity from the Chinese |
| The Ming Dynasty | had become the dominant power, drove out Mongols, returned to Confucian moral standards, restored civil service exam, exploration voyages, isolation policy (only government could control trade), Christianity spread |
| The Qing Dynasty | 1644-1911 AD: upheld traditional Confucian beliefs & social structure, made frontiers safe, restored prosperity, continued the policy of isolation |
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