A&P 2 Exam 1
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Created by:
lynnmw1208 on February 13, 2012
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222 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nasal conchae | 3 bones inside nose; warm and humidify incoming air |
| hard palate | palantine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palantine |
| fauces | arches on side of uvula |
| soft palate | soft tissue which rises and blocks nasal passageway to prevent food from going there |
| trachea | main air passageway |
| diaphragm | phrenic nerve C4 innervates; primary muscle of respiration |
| right lung | 3 lobes |
| left lung | 2 lobes |
| paranasal sinuses | frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary |
| otitis media | middle ear infection; route of infection- auditory tube, eustacian, pharangeal tympanic tube |
| HIV/AIDs | pneumocystic carina and or karposys sarcoma |
| foreign objects | usually go into rt lower lobe of rt lung; primary bronchial tube is wider-> path of least resistance |
| 3 regions of pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| glottis | hole that leads to lungs |
| epiglottis | folds down and covers glottis when you eat |
| larangeal prominence | adam's apple |
| cricothyroid ligament | site where a tracheostomy is performed |
| trachea | has c-shaped cartilage- keeps airway open |
| respiratory mucosa | pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells |
| goblet cells | secrete mucous to trap foreign particles |
| respiratory membrane | alveolar membrane, basement membrane, capillary membrane |
| alveolar cells | loaded with capillaries; simple squamous |
| dust cells | macrophages |
| septal cells | secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension keeping alveoli open |
| premature babies | respiratory distress because the lungs have not made enough surfactant |
| accessory muscles | scm, rectus abdominis, internal and external intercostals, external oblique |
| internal intercostals | help you exhale |
| external intercostals | help you inhale |
| boyle's law | volume and pressure are inversely proportional |
| inhalation | diaphragm contracts/flattens- increases volume of intrathoracic cavity causing pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure and air rushes in |
| exhalation | diaphragm relaxes/rises because of elastic recoil; volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing pressure above atmospheric pressure forcing air out of lungs |
| tidal volume | regular breathing (500mL) |
| inspiratory reserve | deep breath |
| expiratory reserve | forced exhalation |
| residual volume | air you cannot get out of lungs |
| vital capacity | the air that goes through gas exchange: vc= tidal v. + inspiratory reserve v. |
| total lung capacity | TLC= VC + residual v. |
| co2 equilibrium | CO2 + H2O<----> H2CO3<----> H+ + HCO3- when you exhale-> CO2 + H2O alleviate acidosis |
| acidosis | when you exercise, your blood develops more CO2 becomes acidic |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| emphysema | secondary to smoking; bad gas exchange that leads to acidonic feeling |
| respiratory acidosis | can be caused by COPD; anything that decreases gas exchange |
| respiratory alkylosis | caused by hyperventilation |
| arteries | vessels that take blood away from heart |
| veins | vessels that return blood to the heart |
| capillaries | functional unit of blood vessels |
| vaso vasorum | blood vessels to the vessels |
| tunica interna | consist of endothelial lining and internal elastic membrane |
| endothelial lining | innermost lining of blood vessels; simple squamous; become capillaries |
| internal elastic membrane | allow blood vessels to stretch and snap back |
| tunica media | muscular layer; multi unit smooth muscle |
| vasoconstriction | norepinephrine causes blood vessels to constrict; BP increases |
| vasodilation | blood vessels increase in size; BP decreases |
| tunica externa | connective tissue sheath |
| arteries vs veins | arteries are thicker because of high pressure; veins have valves |
| capillaries | continuous and fenestrated |
| fenestrated | leaky for filtration |
| choroid plexus | group of ependemal cells that form CSF |
| sinusoids | occur in liver |
| glomerulus | occur in kidneys (nephron) to filter blood and make urine |
| precapillary sphincter | regulate blood flow through capillary |
| ductus venosus | liver bypass in fetal heart |
| umbilical vein | have 1 of these in fetal heart |
| umbilical arteries | have 2 of these in fetal heart; become internal illiacs; take blood back to placenta |
| foramen ovale | hole in interatrial septum; lets blood go from rt. atrium to lt. artium; pulmonary shunt (bypass lungs) in fetus heart |
| ductus arteriosus | blood vessel between pulmonary trunk and aorta in fetus heart; pulmonary shunt |
| adult remnants | ligamentum venosus, fossa ovalis, ligamentum arteriosus, umbilical ligaments |
| venuole | smallest vein |
| gases | move across cell membrane by diffusion |
| fluid flow | -fluid forced out of capillary by high hydrostatic pressure (BP) -reabsorption and absorption of fluid from the interstitium is caused by osmotic pressure |
| cisterna chyli | bottom of thoracic duct |
| Rt lymphatic drainage | drainage from rt. head, arm and chest drain into rt. lymphatic duct and dumps into Tr. subclavian vein |
| Rest of body | lymph system drains into thoracic collecting duct then drains into Lt. subclavian vein |
| lymphatic organs | tonsils, phangeal (adenoids), palantine, lingual |
| thymus | where T- cells develop/mature; active until end of puberty then starts to involute |
| thymosines | hormones that regulate T-cell development |
| spleen | organ that does blood cellular filtration |
| malt | mucosa associated lymphoid tissue |
| peyers patches | blobs of lymphatic tissue in the small intestines |
| lymph node | multiple afferent vessels enter, fluid sloshes around inside to filter, one vessel exits |
| lymph nodules | triangular area inside lymph node |
| germinal center | WBC are born through mitosis and migrate to outside area as they mature |
| innate immunity | aka congenital; what you're born with; ~ 2 month supply of antibodies from mom |
| helper T cell | CD-4; activate cytotoxic t cell |
| cytotoxic t cell | CD-8; kills antigen presenting cell |
| immature B cell | (naive) don't know how to make antibodies yet |
| immunocompetent B cells | know how to fight antibodies; make plasma cells to kill the rest of the virus |
| Memory B cell | future immune response; already immunocompetent |
| Memory T cells | future immune response; It recognizes future antigens making the immune response faster |
| plasma cell | produces antibodies to kill antigens |
| natural passive AI | antibodies given in breast milk from mom |
| natural active AI | common cold-> can't avoid it; exposed to the antigen |
| induced passive AI | given antibodies such as rhogam |
| gamma globulin | shot loaded with antibodies |
| artificial/induced active AI | vaccine |
| live vaccine | live virus; give strong and rapid response |
| attenuated vaccine | wounded virus; weaker response |
| dead virus | takes place of APC to start immune response; weakest immune response |
| pulmonary circuit | Rt. heart, lungs, Lt. heart; gas exchange with atmosphere and blood |
| systemic circuit | Lf. heart, body, Rt. heart; gas exchange between the blood and body tissues |
| interatrial septum | wall of tissue that separates the atria |
| interventricular septum | wall of tissue that separates the ventricles |
| coronary septum | wall of tissue separates the atrium and ventricle |
| path of blood | body->superior/inferior vena cava->right atrium->tricuspid valve->Rt. ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary trunk->Rt/Lt pulm arteries-> lungs->pulmonary veins (x2)->Lt. Atrium-> bicuspid/mitral valve->Lt. ventricle->aortic valve ->aorta->body |
| right atrium | receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit |
| right ventricle | tricuspid valve/moderator band; pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit via 2 pulmonary veins per lung |
| left ventricle | mitral/bicuspid valve; aortic semilunar valve |
| semilunar valves | aortic and pulmonary valves at the base of vessels |
| arterioventricular valves | tricuspid-mitral/biscuspid valves; chordae tendinae and papillary muscles here |
| regurgitation | valves don't stop backwards bloodflow |
| patent foramen ovale | hole in the heart in interatrial septum |
| stenosis | heart has to overcome pressure in valve; can cause ventricular hypertrophy or rupture |
| rheumatic heart disease | strep bacteria get into blood stream which scars mitral valve and causes incompetency |
| cardiac cycle | heart beat- Lubb Dubb |
| systole | to contract, ventricles |
| diastole | to relax; ventricles relax, refill with blood |
| phases of cycle | atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole |
| S1 | close Av valves/mitral/bicuspid valves, ventricular systole |
| S2 | close semilunar valves; ventricular diastole |
| coronary artery | artery in which the origin is at the base of the aorta |
| Rt coronary artery | Rt. marginal artery-> posterior descending interventricular septal artery |
| Lt coronary artery | circumflex-> Lt. marginal artery->anterior descending septal artery |
| anastomosis | redundant blood flow |
| coronary artery disease | hardening of arteries in the heart |
| coronary venous return | great cardiac vein-> coronary sinus |
| coronary sinus | area that acts as a temporary blood bladder during atrial systol |
| p wave | atrial depolarization |
| qrs wave | ventricular depolarization |
| t wave | ventricular repolarization |
| sinoatrial node | natural pacemaker |
| transport | gases, nutrients and waste products |
| interstitial fluids | things in blood end up in this fluid and vice versa |
| coagulation | clot |
| functions of blood | transport, regulation of interstitial fluids, coagulation, regulation of body temperature |
| venipuncture | sticking a needle in the vein |
| arterial sticks | stick needle into an artery to measure blood gases |
| vacutainer system | test tubes used to draw blood for tests |
| purple top | tube used for CBC, contains anticoagulant- EDTA, EDTH |
| red top | tube that has nothing in them, allows the blood to clot |
| speckled top | tube that contains a serum separator. |
| chemistries | glucose, SMA |
| fluid portion of blood | plasma and serum |
| plasma | fluid from unclotted blood (vessels), 92% H2O, 45-65% of whole body volume |
| serum | fluid removed clotted proteins from clotted blood |
| platelets | thrombocyte, clotting cell |
| buffy coat | contains WBC/leukocyte |
| RBC | erythrocyte |
| blood temperature | temperature a degree warmer than oral |
| viscocity | thickness; the thicker the blood, the higher the BP; increase with increase of cells |
| pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| total volume | 5-6 liters |
| plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, peptide hormones, plasma expanders |
| albumins | supply blood with osmotic pressure, and transport |
| globulins | antibodies |
| fibrinogen | clotting protein |
| peptide hormones | protein-based hormones |
| plasma expanders | increasing fluid part; IV fluids must be isotonioc |
| normal saline | less salt in water |
| D5W | uses sugar to regulate osmotic pressure |
| ringers lactate | long term IV fluid, combination |
| hematopoiesis | formation of blood |
| kwashiorkor | protein malnutrition- no albumins to keep osmotic pressure. causes fluid accumulation in abdomen |
| hemocytoblast | hemopoietic stem cell, makes blood cells |
| yolk sac | first place baby makes own RBC, outside the body |
| fetal hemoglobin | higher affinity for O2 than maternal, steals O2 from mom |
| stem cell migration | stem cells travel inside the body |
| liver and spleen | first place RBC are made inside body |
| bone marrow | takes over making RBC after liver and spleen |
| thrombocytes | platelets |
| thrombopoietin | TPO; hormone that stimulates platelet production |
| megakaryocyte fragmentation | inside bone marrow, the cytoplasmic fragments are released into the blood as platelets |
| thrombopenia | low platelet count |
| thrombocytosis | high platelet count |
| leukocytes | aka WBC; immunity, debris/waste removal, damage cell control |
| interstitial leukocytes | in blood, outweigh circulating leukocytes |
| non-specific response | leukocytes that eat everything |
| specific response | humoral, antibody mediated- your body makes antibodies |
| neutrophils | fight bacterial infections; PMN- polymorphonucleated |
| eosinophils | fight parasitic infections; maybe common allergies |
| basophils | secrete histamine in blood; might turn into mast cells (interstitial) secrete histamine |
| monocytes | circulators |
| macrophage | when WBC leaves blood stream; interstitial (monocyte); "goat cells" |
| dendritic | phagocytic; in tissue; act as APC- antigen presenting cell |
| regulatory T cells | helper T cells and suppressor T cells |
| helper T cells | stimulate immune response |
| suppressor T cells | suppress immune response; gives tolerance |
| thymus derived | how you get T cells |
| cytotoxic T cells | non-specific T cells 1. recognize antigen and adhesion 2. secretion of perforins- perforate cells membranes 3. secrete protectins to protect cell from perforins |
| NK cells | natural killer cells; immunologic surveillance cells; monitor cells for abnormalities (cancer cells) |
| B cells | bone-derived- came from bone marrow; will turn into plasma cells- secrete antibodies |
| leukopenia | low WBC count |
| HIV | helper T cells are down |
| leukocytosis | high number of WBC |
| leukemia | bone marrow over production; too many non-functional WBC |
| lymphoma | lymphoid tissue over production; too many non-functional WBC |
| erythrocytes | biconcave disc; 120 day lifespan; carry O2 on hemoglobin |
| iron | holds onto 4 heme groups |
| oxyhemoglobin | carry O2 |
| carbaminohemoglobin | carry CO2 |
| RBC saturation | O2 saturation in blood |
| fetal hemoglobin | higher affinity for O2 |
| RBC disposal | 1. RBC phagocytized by macrophage in spleen 2. iron from hemoglobin is recycled; transported back to marrow by transferrin 3. spleen releases unconjugated bilirubin into the blood which travels to liver 4. liver conjugated bilirubin, releasing it into blood where it excretes out of body |
| jaundice | liver is messed up |
| newborn jaundice | babies have to be put under UV light to cure |
| pathological jaundice | hepatitis C, drugs/alcohol, autoimmune disease. messed up liver and can't conjugate bilirubin |
| CBC | complete blood count |
| HCT | percent of RBC in whole blood; hematocrit |
| anemia | low HcT |
| Fe deficiency | cause of anemia that is most common; seen in menstruating females and children |
| B12 deficiency | perniscious anemia; geriatric people get it; injected |
| sickle cell | genetic anemia; SMP; one base in DNA switched |
| polycythemia | too many HcT; high BP, flushed face; treat with bone marrow transplant |
| erythropoietin | raises HcT, makes more RBC; EPO |
| procrit | synthetic form of erythropoietin; makes more RBC |
| blood doping | seen in athletes; more RBC, more O2= better performance; use own blood/procrit |
| reticulocyte count | count that gives indication of bone marrow production of RBCs |
| plasma antibodies | cannot contain antibodies against RBC antigens- will have reaction; you will protect yourself with antibodies against other antigens |
| RBC antigens | your blood type is determined by these antigens |
| transfusion | give patient packed RBC |
| crossmatch | mix serum from patient with RBC from tube of blood to determine transfusion reaction |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | occurs in RH- moms, kid #1 is RH+ and exposes mom to RH+ cells, mom builds anti-RH+ so kid #2 gets attacked; rhogam injections is treatment |
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