Anatomy of Respiration
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Created by:
neoserval on February 13, 2012
Subjects:
Anatomy & Physiology of speech, language and hearing
Description:
Ch-2
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Respiration | a gas exchange between an organism and the environment |
| Inspiration | bring oxygen into the blood- breathing in |
| Exhalation | eliminates waste products especially CO2- breathing out |
| Support structure of respiration | Vertebral column Rib cage and sternum Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle |
| Support structure of lungs | Superiorly marked by 1st rib and clavicle( same as collar bone) Inferior bound by 12th rib Laterally bound by ribs Anteriorly by both ribs and sternum This structure is suspended from the vertebral column |
| Vertebral Column | 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral fused which form back of pelvis Coccygeal - coccyx 2-4 fused |
| True vertebrae | Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar Sacrum and coccyx are not true vertebrae |
| Vertebral foramen | through this foramen that the tracts of the spinal cord pass larger on top and smaller at the bottom |
| Superior and inferior articular facets | vertebral segments sit on top of each other to form the vertebral column with the help of this. limiting movement in the anterior and posterior dimension and thus protecting the spinal cord and allowing limited rotatory and rocking motion |
| C1 | the atlas-supporting the skull for rotation does not have the spinous process |
| C2 | the axis on which the skull pivots Larger vertebral foramen for transition of brainstem to spinal cord The dens (odontoid process) protrudes from here the relationship between foramen and dens are protective, because unchecked movement could result in damage to the spinal cord at this level, that could life threatening rudimentary spinous process |
| Transverse foramen | found only in the cerebral vertebrae and the vertebral artery passes through this foramen |
| Pelvic girdle | the lower extremities are attached by this consists of ilium (bulk of support to the abdominal muscles and prominent hip bone on which parents carry their children), sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium |
| Pectoral girdle | the upper extremities are attached by this Includes the scapula and clavicle( collar bone) Attaches to the sternum disarticulation of these bones will cause a collapse of the structure so that the shoulder rotates forward and inward |
| Sternum | central structure for ribs very important for respiration scapula and clavicle attach to it 3 components manubrium sterni corpus xiphoid process |
| Rib Anatomy | Head Tubercle Neck Angle Shaft |
| Respiratory Tract | Oral & nasal Cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Bronchi |
| Right Lung | Divided into 3 lobes( separated by fissures) Superior Middle Inferior 3 lobar bronchi 10 segmental bronchi More prone to aspiration |
| Left Lung | 2 lobes Superior Inferior 2 lobar bronchi 8 segmental bronchi |
| Alveoli | network of capillaries through which extensive blood oxygenation occurs Oxygen in Carbon dioxide out Approximately 300,000 total Very small Allows 5,000 ml of blood to be processes in a minute type 1 involved in oxygen exchange Type 2 involved in surfactant |
| Pleural lining | Lining of lungs which allows for movement of the lungs without friction |
| Visceral pleurae | lines the lungs, cannot be separated |
| Parietal pleurae | lines the walls of chest, covers diaphragm |
| Pleural cavity | space between the pleurae has a negative pressure Between the two pleurae is the surfactant that helps smooth, friction free movement |
| External Intercostal Muscles | Origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11 Insertion: superior surface of rib immediately below Course anteriorly, inferiorly Absent in the chondral portion of rib cage Function: to elevate rib cage Innervation: Thoracic intercostal nerves (T1-T6) Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves (T7-T11) |
| Interchondral portion of Internal Intercostals | Origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11 Insertions: superior surface of rib below Travel inferiorly, laterally Function: elevate ribs 1-11 Innervation: Thoracic intercostal nerves from T2-T6 Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11 |
| Internal Intercostal muscle | Interosseous portion Origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11 Insertion: superior surface of rib below Run inferiorly, laterally Function: depresses ribs 1-11 Innervation: Thoracic intercostal nerves from T2-T6 Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11 |
| Anatomy of the rib cage | 1-7 directly connects to the sternum(true ribs) 8-10 collectively join together and then connects to 7 (false ribs) 11-12 floating ribs do not connect to the sternum |
| Thorax | Includes sternum, ribs, heart, lungs, and spinal column Provides protection for the lungs and heart Cartilage attachments allow for rib cage to expand and contract as need for respiration also allows for muscular attachments |
| Diaphragm | Primary muscle of inspiration dividing line between thorax and abdomen Originates: from the inferior boundary of the rib cage (7-12), costal cartilage, xiphoid process, and vertebral column (L1-4) insertion: Central tendon - large, leafy aponeurosis into which muscle fibers insert ( during inspiration fibers of diaphragm pull on central tendon resulting in downward motion of the diaphragm) Innervation: by phrenic nerves from cervical plexus, spinal nerves C3, C4, C5 Contraction pulls the central tendon inferiorly and anteriorly This results in the expansion of the lungs |
| 3 openings of diaphragm | diaphragmatic hiatuses abdominal Aortic hiatus( descending abdominal aorta passes) Esophageal hiatus( esophagus passes through this) Foramen vena cava( inferior vena cava) |
| Innermost Intercostals | Deep to internal intercostals Parallel to internal intercostals Absent in chondral portion of ribs Innervated by the same nerves as internal intercostals |
| Transversus Thoracis | Origin: margin of sternum Insertion: inner chondral surfaces of ribs 2-6 Function: resist elevation of rib cage Innervation: Thoracic intercostal nerves Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves Subcostal nerves from T2-T12 |
| Abdominal aponeurosis | Linea alba: runs from the xiphoid process to pubic symphysis Linea semilunaris: parallel to lineal alba on either side |
| Transversus Abdominis | Deepest of anterior abdominal muscles Origin: posterior aspect of vertebral column via thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: transversus abdominis aponeurosis, inner surface of ribs 6-12, pubis Function: reduces volume of abdomen Innervation Lower spinal intercostal nerves (T7-T12) Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches of first lumbar nerve |
| Internal Oblique Abdominis | Superficial to transversus, deep to external oblique Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest Insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs, portion of abdominal aponeurosis Function: rotation of trunk with unilateral contraction, flexion of trunk with bilateral contraction Innervation: Lower spinal intercostal nerves from T7-T12 Iliohypogastric and ilionguinal branches of first lumbar nerve (L1) |
| External Oblique Abdominis | Most superficial of abdominal muscles, largest Origin: osseous portion of lower 7 ribs Insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, abdominal aponeurosis Function: flexion of vertebral column (bilateral contraction), trunk rotation (unilateral contraction) Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerve from T7-T11 Subcostal nerve from T12 |
| Quadratus Lumborum | Dorsal aspect of abdominal wall Origin: iliac crest Insertion: transverse process of lumbar vertebrae, inferior border of rib 12 Function: lateral movement of trunk (unilateral contraction), fixation of abdominal wall to support abdominal compression (bilateral contraction) Innervation: T12 L1-L4 |
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