Chapter 23 People
Order by
16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Edwin Chadwick | - Commissioner charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834 - Follower of Jeremy Bentham - Convinced that disease and death caused poverty • a sick worker = unemployed worker, orphaned child = poor child - Disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment - Collected records from Poor Law officials and published his findings in 1842 → proved that disease was related to filthy environmental conditions, which were caused by lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection - Water could carry off poop for ¼ of the cost that it would take a human to - Report became the basis of GB's public health law → created national board that gave cities authority |
| Joseph Lister | immediately rasped the connection between aerial bacteria and wound infection - Developed antiseptic |
| Georges Haussmann | placed in charge of Paris; urban planner - Hired by Napoleon III - "Bulldozed buildings and opposition" - Changed Paris in 20 years |
| Sigmund Freud | formulated analysis of the dynamic of the middle-class family of the 19th century - Analyzed ill people who had had scarring episodes when they were younger - Said boys and fathers had trouble because they were fighting for the love of their wife/mother - Human behavior is a motivated by emotions that we are not aware of because of defense mechanisms • sexual emotions - Working-class people began earning their own wages when they reached adolescence - If their parents refused to give them more independence by 16 or 17, they left to be paying lodgers at someone else's home → emotional ties could be oppressive |
| Mendeleev | organized elements and created the periodic table |
| Darwin | most influential of all 19th-century thinkers - Concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in a struggle for survival - Variations within species that prove more efficient for survival win - Natural Selection - "Newton of Biology" |
| Lyell | geologist; - Uniformitarianism: same geological processes that slowly happen now once formed earth's surface |
| Lamarck | all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment - Believed that characteristics that parents acquired throughout their lives could be inherited by children |
| Herbert Spencer | Survival of the Fittest - poor were ill-fated weak; prosperous were the chosen strong |
| August Comte | System of Positive Philosophy; all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages; Positivist Method |
| Honore de Balzac | The Human Comedy (series of 100 books); portrayed characters from all sectors of French society |
| Gustav Flaubert | Madame Bovary - tells the story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has an affair and is betrayed by her lover; depicts middle-class negatively |
| Emile Zola | animalistic view of working-class life - Wrote about stock exchange, stores, the army, urban slums, strikes - Sympathized with socialists |
| Mary Ann Evans | George Eliot; a more deeply felt type of realism - Examines the ways in which people are shaped by their social medium as well as their own strivings, conflicts and moral choices |
| Thomas Hardy | novels depict people crushed by fate and bad luck |
| Count Leo Tolstoy | War and Peace - a monumental novel set against the historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia - Human love, trust and everyday family ties are life's enduring values |
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