Pathology and Microbiology of Respiratory Infections
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Name some bacteria which are normally present in the URT. | -Streptococci: alpha hemolytic/non-hemolytic -Streptococci: beta hemolytic -Pasteurella -Staphylococci coagulase pos/neg -E. coli -Actinobacillus -Proteus -Bordetella -Pseudomonas -Neisseria -Lactobacillus -Clostridium -Bacillus -Mycoplasmas -Chlamydia |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary bacterial infections? | Secondary infections occur after lung tissue has previously been damaged either by viral or parasitic infection, or facilitated by environmental stress. Therefore, they are more clinically important. |
| What is the difference between a pure and a mixed bacterial infection? | Some bacteria are important as pure infections while others are involved in mixed infections where initial damage by one species allows invasion by more pathogenic species. |
| What are significant bacterial pathogens in small animal respiratory disease? | Bordetella Pasteurella Beta-hemolytic Streptococci Actinomyces Nocardia Chalmydia Mycoplasmas |
| What strain of Bordetella causes respiratory disease in animals? | Bordetella bronchiseptica |
| Describe the pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica. | Can occur as primary infection or secondary to viral infection. The bacteria adhere to the respiratory epithelium, and proliferates in the airway. The bacteria then release toxins, causing irritation, coughing, epithelial necrosis. They will eventually migrate, and cause peribronchial inflammation; this can lead to severe pneumonia due to secondary invaders (such as B-h strep). |
| What toxins does B. bordetella release in an infection? | -Adenylate cyclase (leukocyte toxin) -Tracheal cytotoxin (inhibits DNA synth in ciliated cells) -Dermonecrotic toxin (ADP-ribosylation) |
| What kind of respiratory disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida? | Severe suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis (empyema). It is often part of mixed infections. |
| What is rabbit "snuffles" and what pathogen causes it? | AKA Pasteurellosis; it is chronic nasal discharge and sneezing (sometimes fatal) respiratory disease. It is caused by Pasteurella multocida. It is difficult to eradicate, and once it takes hold, it can cause significant disease. |
| How is Pasteurellosis in rabbits treated? | Long term antimicrobial therapy (enrofloxacin) may be needed to control and even eliminate the infection |
| What are two species of Beta-hemolytic streptococci that are highly virulent in the lung? | -S. zooepidemicus -S. canis |
| What kind of respiratory disease does Actinomyces viscosus cause? | -Causes granulomatous thoracic infection in dogs. -Also causes localized granulomatous abscesses of skin (chronic and progressive) |
| What antibiotic is Actinomyces viscosus susceptible to? | -Penicillin -Erythromycin -Tetracyclines -etc |
| What kind of respiratory disease does Nocardia spp. cause? | Chronic, progressive, suppurating, thoracic granulomas. |
| How is Nocardia spp. infection treated? | Prolonged use of TMP, tetracyclines, and apmicillin (resistant to penicillins and some other antimicrobials) |
| Describe the pathology of nocardiosis. | Abundant red-brown exudate in the pleural cavity; may become chronic with adhesion formation. Exudate contains sulphur granules. |
| What kind of disease does Chlamydophila felis cause? | Conjunctivitis in cats, nasal discharge progressing to interstitial bronchopneumonia. |
| What mycoplasma is increasingly implicated in some KC infections? | M. cynos; it causes tracheobronchitis |
| What is the pathology of canine nasal aspergillosis? | -The nasal turbinates are progressively destroyed by chronic granulomatous inflammation. There may be yellow-green mycotic exudate in the caudal nasal cavity. -Numerous fungal hyphae on histopathological examination |
| What breeds are more predisposed to Aspergillosis? | Doliocephalic breeds. |
| What are some mycoses known to cause respiratory disease? | -Aspergillus fumigatus -Blastomyces dermatitidis -Histoplasma capsulatum -(Coccidioides immitis) |
| What is the pathology of the blastomycosis? | -Multinodular pyogranulomatous pneumonia -Multinucleate giant cells containing the organisms on histopathology |
| Where can blastomycosis spread from the lungs? | Lymphatics Skin Eye Genitals Peripheral skeleton |
| What kind of disease does Histoplasma capsulatum cause? | Progressive, systemic, granulomatous disease in lungs. Dissemination from the lung results in granulomatous hepatitis and splenitis. |
| What type of disease does Cryptococcus neoformans cause in cats? | Rare cause of granulomatous lesions in the nose of cats. Occasionally causes neurological disease. |
| What is the pathology of cryptococcosis? | Granulomatous rhinitis with phagocytosed yeasts resembling soap bubbles in sections. Yeasts can be stained with PAS. |
| Name some pathogens responsible for respiratory disease in cattle and sheep. | Mannheimia Pasteurella Histophilus Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Actinomyces Actinobacillus Bovine herpesvirus Respiratory syncytial virus Bovine parainfluenza virus |
| What are some predisposing factors to complex respiratory infections? | -Crowding -Viruses -Bacteria -Stress -Poor ventilation -etc |
| What are the effects of a virus infection on ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract? | The viral infection will result in the loss of cilia and the normal function of the ciliated cells. With the loss of ciliated cells, the stem cells are stimulated to produce an overabundance of goblet cells, which produce more mucus that has nowhere to go. |
| What are some viruses and bacteria that can be involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex? | Bovine parainfluenza virus Respiratory syncytial virus Bovine herpesvirus Mycoplasma bovis -Followed by: Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia haemolytica |
| What type of disease does BHV cause in the respiratory tract? | Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; fibrinous laryngitis and tracheitis. |
| What type of disease does BRSV cause in the respiratory tract? | URT infections Bronchitis Bronchiolitis |
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