| maya | the belief that the world known to our senses is merely an illusion |
| Menes | a pharaoh who united Egypt |
| Hyksos | conquered Egypt for some time and introduced horse-drawn chariots and other tools. may have enslaved egyptians and treated women and children badly. A group of leaders and rebels created an army and pushed the Hyksos out of egypt |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought the Romans with clever strategy and unusual tactics. Used elephants in battle but did not conquer Rome due to lack of seige equipment. Defeated by the roman general scipio after luring Hanibal back to his hometown. |
| hieroglyphics | writing using symbols and characters. Each symbol stands for a separate word. Over 600 characters |
| caravan | a group of people, usually traders, who travel together for safety |
| cavalry | armed soilders on horses |
| ziggurat | Sumerian temple, resembles "a stairway to heaven" |
| Chaldeans | foreigners who conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C.E. |
| Zoroaster | Reformed the Persian religion |
| Lydians | invented coined money in 600 B.C.E. |
| Octavian | Ruled with Marc Antony. While Antony took the east, he took the west. Octavian then turned on Antony and Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra seeing no escape committed suicide. He gave himself the title Augustus or "the revered one". AKA Augustus Caesar. refered to as the first Roman emperor. Launched a series of new military conquests and expanded the empire from Spain to Syria and from Danube river to Egypt. |
| battle of Teutoburg Forest | where Octavian suffered a defeat that ended their expansion into Germany. |
| consuls | 2 were elected each year. Served as chief executives who ran the government and acted as military commandars. Appointed dictators. the 2 could veto each other and this veto is still used today in order to maintain the system of checks and balances. |
| praetors | officials that helped the consuls. Like in times of war the ____ would command armies and in times of peace the ______ would oversee the legal system. |
| plebeians | all other citizens besides the powerful aristocratic class |
| legion | a military unit consisting of 4,500 to 6,000 soilders |
| paterfamilias | head male of a Chinese family. Authority to pick girls' husbands and approves marriage and shit like that |
| equites | business and landowning people of Rome. Shared great wealth because of trade and political influence. |
| Constantine | Roman emperor, being a Christian he made Christianity Rome's main religion thus saving the newborn sect |
| oracles | A special sanctuary in which the Gods spoke through priest or priestesses to the people usually revealing answers to questions about the future. |
| 4 features All Greek city-states have in common | 1) small size. usually 30 to 500 sq. miles 2) small pop. Most city-states had a total pop. including slave, noncitizens, metics, citizens of less than 10,000 ppl 3) Setting on a hill or acropolis 4) public meeting place or an agora |
| Minoans | inhabitants of Crete. King Minos was king there with massive palaces with hundreds of rooms and a giant creature who was imprisoned in a labyrinth. Wrote in Linear A and linear B. Running water, Bull Vaulting, frescoes, ivory stone gold silver and bronze artifacts. Depended on the sea for their food and dominated the Aegean islands. Excellent sailors and traders. Strong Navy so much so that the kings did not even bother with city fortifications. This civilization went extinct when a volcanic eruption sent giant tidal waves crashing into their city creating destruction and much chaos. Although they rebuilt they never fully recovered their strength until the Indo-Europeans flushed theeeeem out |
| Dorians | Moved into the Peloponnesian area around 110 B.C.E. Illiterate people |
| Mycenaeans | Spoke an Indo-European language. Organized into clans and tribes. dominated the Greek mainland for 400 years. Built fortified cities in Peloponnesus and the southern part of Greece. Built cities like Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos. Warlike people conquered Crete and adopted many of their customs like linear B. |
| ephors | 5 overseers who served 1 year terms to monitor the kings and citizens. |
| rhetoric | the study of oratory, or public speaking, and debating |
| pedagogue | male slave who took care of a boy from the age of seven, went everywhere with him including to school. |
| patricians | the powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society |
| Nero | a Judio-Claudian Emperor ruled from 54- 68 A.D. believed to have started the Great Fire of Rome then to have blamed it on the Christians. |
| Marc Antony | Ruled the east while Octavian ruled the west. Defeated by Octavian because the greek senate declared war on them due to Octavians supporting words. Committed suicide with Cleopatra after seeing no escape |
| Tiberius | appointed his favorite horse as consul. Murdered in A.D. 41. Adopted son of Augustus |
| Claudius | an intelligent and scholarly man who conquered Britain. It is believed that his wife, Agrippina, poisoned him with tainted mushrooms |
| Trajan | brought the empire to its largest size. About the size of the U.S. of A. |
| Hadrian | supported the arts. Built a huge wall around the border and encouraged frontier peoples to enter the army. He gave up many of the areas that Trajan had acquired in Asia. |
| Minotaur | A giant creature that King Minos allegedly imprisoned in an underground labyrinth. Half human and half bull. |
| frescoes | paintings made on wet plaster walls. |
| archons | 9 rulers who served a 1 year term in office and appointed all other officials and made all the laws. The laws were never written down and were interpreted and applied by judges, or a group of nobles. |
| Solon | An Athenian statesman known for his economic and political reforms. Became an archon and mediated the dispute between debtors and creditors. He canceled the debts of the poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, and freed those who had been enslaved for nonpayment. Limited aristocratic power and created a citizens court where one could appeal an unfavorable decision made by a judge in front of regular citizens. |
| Peisistratus | Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need. |
| Aristotle | He received his education from his father and uncle before attending The Academy |
| Draco | Served as archon and is given credit for Athenian's first written law code. But his law's were very harsh and severe. |
| The Council of Five Hundred | made up of 500 people 50 from each tribe. Members served for one year terms and could serve only twice. They proposed laws to the assembly and met at least 10 times a year. They were the source of ultimate authority. |
| direct democracy | In which all citizens participated directly in making decisions. Such as Athens |
| representative democracy | In which the citizens elect representative who in turn run the government while representing them. |
| Herodotus | known as "father of History" |
| Helots | People of Sparta who were conquered and enslaved by Dorian invaders |
| Plato | creator of the first westernized school The Academy |
| Agora | market place, also a public meeting place for Greek citizens |
| Socrates | he was asked to stop mingling with the young aristocrats of Athens and when he refused to do so, he was forced to end his life by drinking hemlock |
| Phidias | sculptor who designed the statue by Zeus at the Temple of Olympia |
| Demosthenes | Athenian orator who opposed Philip II of Macedon |
| Cleisthenes | ruler who turned Athens into a direct democracy |
| Cosmologists | intellectuals who searched for an explanation about the universe |
| Philip II of Macedon | created the first paid regular army |
| Terracing | creating plots of land by building walls on hillsides and filling them in with soil |
| Hippocrates | Can be considered the father of medicine |
| Xerxes | Persian leader that burned Athens |
| Epics | long poems describing heroes and great events |
| One characteristic of Greek art during the golden age was that it glorified | Humans |
| The Parthenon stands at the top of the | Acropolis |
| Aeschylus | A greek playwright |
| Euuriphides | A greek playwright |
| Sophocles | A greek playwright |
| an organization of infantry into tightly spaced rows of soilders equipped with pikes | Phalanx |
| Alexandar the Great conquered territory as far east as the: | Indus River |
| Hellenistic society included a middle class that thrived because | trade expanded |
| Cynics | people that scorned pleasure, wealth, and social position were |
| To become hellenized is to | adopt the Greek ways |
| Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. |
| Rurik | Rus military leader and legendary first king of the Russians |
| Yaroslav the Wise | ruler who codified law during the 1000' |
| Boyars | nobles of Kievan Russia |
| Pravada Russkaia | Russia's first law code |
| Veche | town meeting |
| Vladamir | ruler who converted to Orthodox Christianity and adopted it as the primary church in Kievan Russia |
| Taiga | Forest region of northern Russia |
| steppe | vast, treeless plain in Eurasia |
| Ideals expressed in Greek art during the golden age | harmony, balance, order, and moderation |
| reason why the Peloponnesian War began | Economic rivalries among Greek city-states |
| Upanishads | complex philosophical explanations of the Vedic religion |
| Ramayana | tells the story of two royal heroic figures, Rama and his wife, Sita |
| Bhagavad Gita | the last 18 chapters of the Mahabharata stresses the idea that conducting oneself properly according to one's status in life marks the highest fulfillment in life |
| karma | positive or negative force generated by a person's actions, which will determine their status in the next life |
| nirvana | the perfect peace that releases the soul from the endless cycle of reincarnation |
| monism | the belief that God and human beings are one |
| how did geography impact the development of the city states? | mountains, rivers, and lakes proved a problem as they prevented unity between the Greek city states but provided a natural barrier |
| Sanskrit | the indo-ayrian language |
| principal crops of the Indo-Gangetic Plain | cotton and rice |
| Vedas | books of sacred knowledge, religious rituals, and hyms |
| Brahmins | vedic priests who knew the proper forms and rules for religious rituals and ceremonies |
| Varuna | the chief god of the Vedic religion |
| raja | prince who ruled each indian city-state, acting as military leader, chief priest, lawmaker, and a judge. |
| David | responsible for uniting the 12 tribes of Israel |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Ruler of the Chaldeans |
| Phoenicians were considered to be the world's greatest | traders |
| Neolithic Revolution | refers to the shift from food gathering to food producing |
| division of labor | when people in a society each perform different jobs |
| Hittites were known for | being the first people to use iron extensively for weapons |
| Alexandria | a city in Egypt that had public meeting places such as theaters, libraries, and gymnasiums where men excercised and discussed important topics. Also the library had thousands of documents and was an available resource for many. To add to this there was also an education center and a trade center. |
| indemnity | compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in war |
| Twelve Tables | Roman Laws |
| Diocletian | Known for dividing the Roman Empire in half |
| patriarchs | bishops of empire cities |
| Collegia | workers trade associations |
| Anarchy | absence of any form of Government |
| Visigoths | Germanic tribe that moved westward occupying land north of the Danube River |