| Virgil | the poet that wrote the history of rome---the Aeneid |
| the Aenid | the story that established the beginning of Rome written by Virgil |
| Aenes | the founder of rome, related to the brothers who founded rome |
| Romulus | the brother that became the first king of rome after he killed his brother |
| Remus | the brother that was killed, who was supposed to be the actual brother to rule rome--the bids hill, head |
| Paletine Hill | the hill where romulus established his kingdom |
| Latium | the place where the Latins lived in Rome |
| Mars | god of WAR |
| Rape of the Sabines | when men from rome go to Sabine, have parties, and steal the women |
| 7 kings | romulus was the first, the last three were etruscanthis ends when sextus rapes lucretia |
| tarquinius superbus | last etruscan king father of sextus |
| sextus tarqunius | the son of tarquinius, raped lucretia, what wht followed was the end of etruscan rule |
| Lucretia | a roman womn who sextus raped her which starts a revoluion, she commits suicide |
| Latins | the people from Latium |
| Etruscans | the last three kings of rome until lucretia is raped, conquered rome in 616 BC, glataorial games, |
| graecia | "great greece", the larger part of greece |
| senate | SPQR, 300 patricians, serve for life |
| patricians | the rich upper class of rome, descendants of the original roman familys |
| plebians | the merchant class of rome |
| assembly | patricians and plebians gathered to discuss laws, nothing rellay got done, voted for higher positions |
| tribunes | 10 elected plebians who represented the plebians, little powr, reported their ideas/concerns to the senate |
| Consuls | 2 military leaders, led the gov. inforced laws, can serve as dictators for up to six months |
| 12 tables | public list of rules and laws |
| lycinian-sextian laws | the law that said that one of the consuls had to be a plebian |
| struggle of the orders | plebians could now vote and make laws |
| Latin league | after tarquinius is removed this is made to unify rome and thier army |
| Gauls | brits celtics, scots, and gaelics |
| Roman army | legions-basic unit of 4500 to 6000 soldiers. loyal, well-trained, disciplined, highly organized |
| Legions | a group of 2,000 soldiers, differnet ones of these made up the roman army |
| Pyrrhus | king of Epirus, defeated the Romans in two battles in spite of staggering losses (319-272 BC) |
| Punic wars | a series of three wars fought against carthage by rome |
| Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) |
| Sicily | a part of italy, that was the biggest threat to rome during the Punic Wars |
| hannibal | the leader of the carthaginian army during the second punic war |
| corsica | an island that rome obtained after the first punic war |
| Scipio Africanus | the leader of the roman army during the second punic rome, attacked carthage to get hannibal out of rome |
| macedonian war | rome vs. the greeks a series of wars |
| Tiberius gracchus | the first gracchi brother who was plebian, strted to defy sentae, made laws to distribute laws to plebians |
| Gaius Gracchus | the second gracchi brother who said he would pass laws without the senate, had a pesonal rmy, wanted to avenge his brother |
| age of strong men | 102 years of violence in rome, slave rebel, civil wars |
| sulla | civil war with marius, officer in marius army, military reforms--power to the senate |
| gauis marius | recruited poor farmers to be in the army, first to begin to unify rome |
| pompey | lieutenant of sull, rid the medditeraninan of pirates, part of the first triumverate, senate refused to take his land because they thought he would get to powerful |
| Crassus | died in paletine, hated pompey but fought with him, part of the first triumverate |
| julius caesar | from a prominant fam. plebian, captured by pirtes, contradicts maximus-the highest priest, wouldnt let him become a consol thought hed be to powerful |
| First Triumvirat | made up of Jlius Cesear, Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Licinius Crassus |
| Cleopatra | Leader of Egypt who slept with everyone and her children caused problems when heirs were needed. |
| Caesarion | love child of Cleopatra and Caesar. he was the legit heir of Rome after Julius died so he was murdered to prevent him from becoming leader |
| Brutus | statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar |
| Cassius | prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar |
| Second Triumvirat | Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian |
| Octavian | real name Augustus Caesar, Formed Second Triumvirate in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar’s death,reduced power of the Senate, began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace |
| Marc Antony | One of Caesar’s generals, Falls in love with Cleopatra, He and Cleopatra declare war on Rome in 31 BC which they lose, member of second triumvirate. |
| Marcus Lepidus | Member of the 2nd triumvirat, who after attempting to steal Octavian's land had to ive up his own as punishment. |
| Augustus | Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. new name for the ruler of Rome |
| Imperetor | Name for a leader of the Roman empire |
| Reforms of Augustus | created a loyal army, created veteran's pensions, made conquered people citizens, established praetorian guard |
| praetorian guards | installed 9000 body guards that were stationed to protect the emperor. |
| family reforms | Augustus' reforms to reinstate traditional values of the family (tax breaks for marriages and large families. adultery is outlawed) |
| pax romana | 200 year period of peace in Rome. |
| Caligula | Augustus' grandson, no one could look down at his balding head, liked torture, affairs with his sister, assassinated by his own guards |
| Tiberius | Morbid, vengeful, suspicious, exiled himself |
| Claudius | Caligula's uncle- 4 wives that mentally abused him, poisoned by one, he takes part of Britain for Rome |
| Nero | Grandson of Claudius' brother. blames Christian for great fire of Rome, and makes a pathway out of dead bodies |
| Trajan | professional soldier from Spain, first non-italian emperor, brought Rome to its height (about the size of the U.S.) |
| Hadrian | a part of the five good emperors recruited soldiers to fight in tehir own homeland. built Hadrians wall. |
| Hadrian's Wall | spanned across Britain to protect Rome from the Scots. |
| Marcus Aurelius | loyal emperor to rome, allows Germans to settle in Rome |
| Comodus | thought he was Hercules, quick to punish someone to death. his death brings the end of the Pax Romana |
| German Barbarians | when Aurelius lets Germans settle they slowly take over |
| Diocletian | bans Christianity, forms a military dictatorship. he declares that Rome is permanantly at war with its neighbors and doubles the size of the army. |
| Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians. he united the empire. |
| Fall of Rome | 476AD Rome began to let Barbarians live within the borders, Eastern empire does nothing and the Western falls apart |
| Byzantium | the eastern part of the empire that survived for a thousand years |
| Pompeii | Area in southern Greece that was covered in ash when mount vesuvius erupted |
| Gladiator | Slaves that were trained to fight for the entertainment of the Roman poeple |
| Edict of Milan | issued by Constantine to officially tolerate the Christian Religion |
| Theodosius | declared Christianity the official religion of Rome |