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Flashcards: AP Gov Chapter 12

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incumbents	those already holding office. In congressional elections, incumbents usually win.
casework	activities of members of Congress that help constituents aas individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get.
pork barrel	the mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts availiable to cities, business, colleges, and intitutions available in a congressional district.
bicameral legislature	a legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral
House Rule Committee	An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviws all bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House

filibuster	A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting can halt a filibuster
Speaker of the House	An office mandated by the constitution. The speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant
majority leader	Principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House or the party's wheel horse in the Senate. The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions
Whips	Party leader who work with the majority leader of minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party
minority leader	the pricipal leader of the minority party in he House of Representatives or in the Senate.

Standing committees	Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas
joint committees	Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses
conference committees	Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill
select committees	Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation
legislative oversight	Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings

committee chairs	the most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house
seniority system	a simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had seved on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regradless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence
caucus (congressional)	a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses
bill	a proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft a bill, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration