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Flashcards: AP Psych Important Studies

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Tolman	Cognition; Concepts: Cognitive map; Study Basics: Studied rats and discovered the cognitive map in rats and humans
Loftus	Cognition and memory; Concepts: False memories, memory consolidation; Study Basics: Showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the poverty of accuracy in eyewitness reports.
Gibson & Walk	Development; Concepts: Visual Cliff; Study Basics: Visual Cliff studies with infants
Harlow	Development; Concepts: Love, attachment; Study Basics: Cloth monkey and wire monkey mothers: which would the child monkeys go to when scared?
Piaget	Development; Concepts: Object permanence, perception of reality by children, development of cognition; Study Basics: “The development of object concept: The construction of reality in the child.”

Zajonc & Markus	Development; Concepts: Birth order, first born, middle child, intelligence; Study Basics: Discovered that first born and only children tend to have higher IQs than latter born children
Kohlberg	Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is “Heinz” who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Gilligan	Development; Concepts: gender in moral development; Study Basics: Did moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Different reasoning, not better or worse
Ekman & Friesen	Emotion; Concepts: Universal Emotions (based upon facial expressions); Study Basics: Constants across culture in the face and emotion
Festinger	Emotion, Social Cognition; Concepts: Cognitive dissonance; Study Basics: Studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance

Schacter	Emotions; Concepts: emotion and cognition; Study Basics: Worked with emotions and modified theory of emotions to include cognitions and their role in the formation of emotions
Lorenz	Ethology; Concepts: Imprinting, Critical periods; Study Basics: Did the ducks with imprinting and critical period work
Rosenthal & Jacobson	Intelligence and learning; Concepts: Self-fulfilling prophecy, Pygmalion Effect; Study Basics: Researchers misled teachers into believing that certain students had higher IQs. Teachers changed own behaviors and effectively raised the IQ of the randomly chosen students
Terman	IQ and development; Concepts: IQ, longitudinal study, Emotional quotient; Study Basics: Tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life. Daniel Goleman followed with EQ or Emotional Quotient that learning how to handle people and your own emotions in social situations can be more helpful than IQ.
Pavlov	Learning; Concepts: Classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response; Study Basics: Began by measuring the salivary reaction of dogs. Ended with a new understanding of associational learning and the conditioned reflex.

Watson & Raynor	Learning; Concepts: Classical conditioning terms, behavioral conditioning; Study Basics: Classical conditioning—conditioned fear into infants (including Little Albert) in order to examine how fears are learned and generalized
Skinner	Learning; Concepts: Operant conditioning, chaining; Study Basics: Trained animals to do complex behaviors; e.g. making pigeons exhibit superstitious behavior
Zimbardo	Social Psych; Concepts: prison study, expectations; Study Basics: simulated Prison Study that showed the power of roles in people’s behaviors. When one takes on a role, they will often change their behavior in order to fit the perceived set of expectations for that role.
Milgram	Social Psych; Concepts: Shock study, teacher/learner study or obedience study; Study Basics: “Behavioral study of obedience”—wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
Darley & Latane	Social Psych; Concepts: “Bystander Intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility”

Asch	Social Psych; Concepts: Opinions and social pressure;
Langer & Rodin	Social Psych; Concepts: Helping behavior, personal responsibility; Study Basics: The effects of enhanced personal responsibility and helping behavior
Gazzaniga or Sperry	Bio Psych; Concepts: Split brain; Study Basics: Key aspects of split brain and how people with this situation will be able to perceive reality and particular sensory stimuli
Wolpe	Learning/Therapy; Concepts: Systematic desensitization; Study Basics: Systematic desensitization work
Ebbinghaus	Memory; Concepts: memory; Study Basics: Memory of meaningless words

Masters & Johnson	Motivation; Concepts: Virtually anything sexual was now being talked about publicly; Study Basics: The human sexual response—studied how both men and women respond to and in relation to sexual behavior
Holmes & Rahe	Motivation; Concepts: Stress and coping; Study Basics: Using a “social readjustment scale” to measure stress
Seligman	Personality; Concepts: Learned helplessness; Study Basics: Learning to be depressed—the learned helplessness studies with dogs and electric shock
Freud	Personality; Concepts: Defense mechanisms, ego, displacement, sublimation, projection, repression, regression, etc.; Study Basics: “The ego and the mechanisms of defense.”
Rorschach	Personality Testing; Concepts: Ink-blot, projective test; Study Basics: “Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on perception.”

Rosenhan	Psychopathology or Social Psych; Concepts: labeling; Study Basics: Rosenhan and colleagues checked selves into mental hospitals with symptoms of hearing voices say “empty, dull and thud.” Diagnosed with schizophrenia. After entered, acted normally. Never “cleared” of diagnosis. Roles and labels in treating people differently.
Hobson & McCarley	Sleep or Consciousness; Concepts: Activation-Synthesis Theory; Study Basics: Sleep studies that indicate the brain creates dream states, not information processing or Freudian interpretations
Asch	Social Cognition; Concepts: Conformity, group influence, factors increasing conformity; Study Basics: Asch deceived subjects by telling them it was a study in perception. He was really testing their conformity levels. Also called “the line study.”