Quizlet › Printing flashcards of AP Psych Development

Flashcards: AP Psych Development

Instructions

Print this webpage. If you can, set your printer to Grayscale for faster printing.
Fold each page down the middle along the solid vertical line.
Cut along the dotted horizontal lines.
Optional: Use tape, glue, or staples to hold the two sides of each flashcard together.

This will print 10 pages (5 terms/page). This box will be automatically hidden when printing. Return to Set Page

Developmental Psychology	Study of how people change from birth to old age; changes over the life span that includes thinking, language, intelligence, emotions, & social behaviorspecifically the hows and whys changes occur
Biographical or Respective Study	A method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people’s past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors
Embryo	Prenatal period-2 weeks after conception to 3 months; Cells begin to specialize: internal organs, muscles and bones, skin and nervous system
Placenta	Organ that nourishes the embryo and fetus; the mother’s blood vessels transmit nutritive substances to the embryo or fetus and carry waste products away from it; Diseases and teratogens can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, compromising the baby’s development.
Neonate	Newborn babies; sleep up to 20 hours a day

Sucking Reflex	Newborn reflex/tendency to suck on objects placed by the mouth
Grasping Reflex	Newborn reflex where babies ling to objects placed in hands; normally disappears after 2 or 3 months and reemerges later when voluntary grasping begins (typically around 5 months)
Temperament	Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation; Thomas and Chess (1977) devised 3 temperaments: Easy-good-natured and adaptable, easy to care for and please; Difficult-moody and intense, reacting to new people and new situations both negatively and positively; Slow-to-warm-up-relatively inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when they do react, their reactions are mild; Kagan (1988) added a 4th temperament: Shy-timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strange
Developmental Norms	Average ages that children reach developmental milestones: 6 mos-babbling, 9 mos-stand with assistance, 10 mos-crawling, 12 mos-walking, 18 mos-vocabulary of 50-70 words
Object Permanence	concept from Piaget; major milestone in Sensory-Motor Stage; The concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight; “out of sight, out of mind”, typically achieved by 18 to 24 mos (meaning the child realizes that the object exists if it is out of sight)

Preoperational Stage	second stage of Piaget’s cognitive development; 2-7 years; main activities involve fantasy play, symbolic gestures, egocentrism; understand object permanence and mental representations; must achieve conservation and egocentrism
Concrete Operational Stage	third stage of Piaget’s cognitive development; 7-11 years; main activities involve complex classification, can see things from another person’s point of view; reversibility, think about things in the “here-and-now”; understand conservation
Formal Operational Stage	fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive development; 11-15 years; main activities involve problem-solving, reversibility, complex thought, abstract thought
Imprinting	formation of a strong bond to the first moving thing (usually a mother) it sees after it is born; Ducks and geese
Autonomy	sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others; main concept in Erikson’s second psychosocial stage

Solitary Play	The earliest form of play upto age 1 ½ to 2; a child engaged in a recreational activity alone;
Cooperative Play	Children between the age of 3 and 3 ½ where two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction and also include group imagination such as “playing house”
Sex-Typed Behavior	Socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls; Ex. Girls play with dolls and boys play with trucks
Gender-Role Awareness	knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender as set my society
Gender Identity	a person’s knowledge that she is a little girl or he is a boy; may not include understanding of what that means

Puberty	onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development; symptoms include growth of pubic hair, development of secondary sex characteristics (breasts, testes, penile enlargement)
Imaginary Audience	Elkind; adolescent fallacy; tendency of teens to feel they are constantly being observed by others, that others are being judging them on their appearance and behavior; feeling of being perpetually “onstage”; may be the source of much self-consciousness, concern about personal appearance, and showing off
Identity Formation	Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself
Clique	groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment; early adolescents tend to group in small unisex groups of 3 to 9 members; as teens settle into more stable dating patters the cliques enlarge and include both genders
Midlife Transition	According to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future; taking stock of life

Longitudinal Study	A method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points of their lives, for example every 5 years
Prenatal Development	Development from conception to birth; fertilization of egg, division of fertilized egg & the process that transforms it from a 1-celled organism to a complex human being; Embryo-2 weeks after fertilization the implanted cells begin to specialize to 3 months: internal organs, muscles and bones, skin and nervous system; Fetus-3 months to birth-1” in length and resembles a human
Fetus	Prenatal period-3 months-birth; 1” in length and resembles humans with a head, arms/legs, and a heart that beats; by 4 months mother will begin to feel the movements in the uterus.
Critical Period	first 3 months of pregnancy when external and internal influences have a major effect on development
Rooting Reflex	Newborn reflex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth

Swallowing Reflex	Newborns ability t wallow milk and other liquids without choking
Stepping Reflex	Newborn reflex that refers to the fact that very young babies take what looks like walking steps if they are held upright with their feet just touching a flat surface; normally disappears after 2 or 3 months and reemerges later when real walking begins (typically around 1 year of age)
Maturation	Biological processes that unfold as a person grows older & contribute to orderly sequences of developmental changes, such as the progression from sitting up to crawling to walking
Sensory-Motor Stage	first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development; birth to 2 years; main activities involve sucking and grasping; must achieve object permanence and mental representations
Mental Representation	concept of Piaget; major milestone in Sensory-Motor Stage; ability to see an image inside their heads and manipulate those representations

Egocentric	concept of Piaget; major milestone in Preoperational Stage; inability of preschool children to see things from another person’s point of view.
Principles of Conservation	concept of Piaget; major milestone in Preoperational Stage; concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance; Example-2 glasses (one tall, one short) with equal amounts of juice but the child thinks the tall glass has more juice because it is taller.
Holophase	one-word sentences used by a 1 to 2 year old child; Up! No! More!
Attachment	emotional bond to the people who care for the child built on hours of interactions otherwise known as basic trust; According to Erikson this is the first psychosocial crisis; According to Ainsworth developed a series of 3 (or 4) types of attachment styles which she states that the attachment to the first caregiver will follow the child through other relationships in life
Socialization	process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture; essential first step in socialization; important for Erikson’s second stage

Parallel Play	Children between the age of 1 ½ and 2 play side by side, doing the same or similar things, but not interacting with each other
Peer Group	A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support
Gender Constancy	the realization that gender will not change with age
Gender Stereotypes	General beliefs about characteristics that males and females are presumed to have; Ex. Girls play with dolls and boys play with trucks
Growth Spurt	rapid increase in height and weight that occurs in adolescence

Menarche	first menstrual period, typically 1-2 years after growth of breasts around ages 12-13
Personal Fable	Elkind; adolescent fallacy; adolescents’ unrealistic sense of their own uniqueness; view that they are all alone in their pain; sense of invulnerability
Identity Crisis	A period of intense self-examination and decision-making; part of the process of identity formation
Midlife Crisis	Feelings of boredom and stagnation in middle adulthood; time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle
Menopause	Time in life when a woman’s menstruation ceases