| minuchin (1988) | family systems theory: mutual influence. wholeness- system is greater than sum of its parts. circulatory of influence - all components are mutually interdependent - change in one has implications for all others. integrity of subsystems - subsystems are related and each relationship can be studied in its own right |
| izard (1971) | certain emotions are universally (interest, joy, sadness, anger, surpise, disgust) recognised |
| maccoby & martin (1983) | 2 parenting dimensions: control: permissiveness/restrictiveness. emotion: warmth/hostility |
| schaffer (1959) | permissive & warmth - democratic |
| baumrind (1967) | extensive work on parenting style. interviews & observations |
| steinberg et al (1994) | autoritative parents: high levels of warmth but are also demanding of their children. set clear standards and exercise control but in a non-punitive way. allow children to develop autonomy. are attentive to their children's concerns and needs. clearly communicate standards of conduct and are measured and consistent in discipline |
| elder et al (1992) | economic pressure affects parental relationship. hostility between husband and wife. rural midwest farming crisis in agriculturally dependent communities. 76 two parent familes w/at least two children. economic pressure - hostility up in spousal relationships, warmth down. depression up in parents esp. father. knock on effect of child's development |
| o'connor et al (1998) | longitudinal study assessed parenting and child internalising and externalising behaviour on 5 occasions (7-12 years). negative control-guilt induction, hostility, and withdrawal from realtionship. leads to child externalising behaviour problems |
| amato & keith (1991) | children who witness high lievels of inter-parental and family conflict that is poorly resolved show elevated rates of behavioural problems (internalising and externalising) . spill-over from interparental relationship into parent-child relationship |
| block et al (1986) | family conflict affecting children . followed up children age 3, some of whose parents had recently divorced. children whose parents had divorced had more emotional and behaviour problems - could be traced to before divorce. atmosphere of discor and tension. divorced parents disagreed about child-rearing. |
