| Aaron Beck | Cognitive therapist (improve thought patterns) |
| Albert Bandura | Canadian; Reciprocal determinism; Observational learning (Bobo Doll experiment) |
| Albert Ellis | American; Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy |
| Albert Maslow | American; Hierarchy of Needs |
| Alfred Adler | Behavior driven by fear of failure & inferiority (inferiority complex) |
| Alfred Binet | studied his daughters to understand a wide range of child psychology |
| B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning! Expanded on Law of Effect; developed Skinner Box |
| Benjamn Whorf | Linguist. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = spoken language affects thought |
| Broca’s Area | Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | An emotion-arousing experience triggers physiological arousal and emotion simultaneously |
| Carl Jung | believed unconscious has a very powerful influence; also believed in a "collective unconscious." |
| Carl Rogers | American; Client-Centered Therapy & unconditional positive regard |
| Carl Wernicke | Studied aphasia. Found "Wernicke's Area" that decodes meaning of language |
| Carol Gilligan | Believes females want to "make connections" to develop identity |
| Charles Darwin | Theory of Natural Selection (variations occur randomly, but are passed on if they aid in survival) |
| Charles Spearman | Helped develop factor analysis and believed there was a "general intelligence." |
| Clark Hull Drive theory | Internal needs motivate ppl to act a certain way |
| David McClelland | Achievement motivation need; motives can be distinguished from needs |
| David Rosenhan | Mental illness experiments -> say crazy, act normal? Ppl think crazy |
| David Weschler | Weschler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS & WISC) scores for verbal, performance and an overall score. |
| Edward L. Thorndike | Law of Effect - rewarded behavior likely to recur. |
| Elizabeth Kubler-Ross | 5 Stages of Death & Dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance) |
| Erik Erikson | 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development (cf. pgs 162-163) |
| Ernst Weber | German. Weber's Law |
| Festinger & Carlsmith | Cognitive Dissonance; people that received $1 for a menial task rated it enjoyable to justify to selves |
| Francis Galton | known for improving the physical and mental makeup of the human species by selected parenthood |
| Gordon Allport | Trait perspective |
| Gustav Fechner | German; strength of sensation is dependent on the strength of the stimulus |
| Hans Eysenck | German. Intelligence is inherited; "g" factor |
| Harry Harlow | attachment. studied monkeys with artificial mothers; monkeys preferred cloth-covered over nourishing |
| Henry Murray | Thematic Apperception Test; also tested prophetic power of dreams. |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | Research and studied memory. Developed the nonsense syllable or CVC experiement |
| Hermann Rorshach | Swiss. Rorshach Inkblot Test (1921); most widely used projective test |
| Howard Gardner | Multiple Intelligences; Savant Syndrome shows spectrum of intelligence |
| Hubel/ Wisel | Discovered feature detector cells, cells keyed to specific stimuli, in the brain (cf. p202) |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical Conditioning! Associative learning between two stimulus (eg bell & food appearing) |
| James Lange Theory | experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
| Jean Piaget | Stages of Cognitive Development! Schemas (assimilation & accomodation) |
| John Garcia | Challenged behaviorists; environmentalism |
| John Watson | Advertiser. Studied animal biology, physiology, and behavior. Humans more complex than animals |
| Karen Horney | Critic of Freud; believed social tensions, not sexual, were most important in childhood |
| Kurt Lewin | field theory (behavior is influenced by personal traits and environment) & action field theory for groups |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | 3 Stages of Moral Development (preconventional, conventional & post-conventional) |
| Leonard Berkowitz | Aggression: instrumental (getting your way) vs emotional (cathartic) aggression |
| Lewis Terman | Created and revised Stanford-Binet intelligence test from the mental age theory |
| Little Albert | Subject used by John Watson to test Classical Conditioning on humans; made fearful of white rabbit |
| Martin Seligman | Positive Psychology (+ emotions, + character traits, + institutions); Learned Helplessness |
| Mary Ainsworth | early emotional attachment. "strange situation" experiment during attachment testing is a standard |
| Mary Cover Jones | Behavior therapy. Longitudinal studies on life-long development. |
| Noam Chomsky | Inborn Universal Grammar; child will naturally learn language as they mature |
| Paul Ekman | Global studies of facial expressions; Facial expressions are universal |
| Philip Zimbardo | Stanford Prison Experiment to better understand the effects of role play on attitudes and behaviors |
| Phineas Gage | 1850s guy with a pole shot through his head; personality changed; loss ability to plan |
| Robert Sternberg | g-factor of intelligence |
| Robert Zajonc | Feel emotions before we think; Process fear and anger quickest as survival mechanism |
| Sigmund Freud | Freud belived that we use defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distroting reality. |
| Solomon Asch | Conformity! (line experiment) |
| Stanley Milgram | Obedience! Electrocution study at Yale; tested authority |
| Stanley Schacter | Two Factor Theory (emotion comes from awareness of body's arousal) |
| Susan Blackmore | British; researched memes and the paranormal |
| Walter Mischel | Behaviors controlled by the situation, not internal drives. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | German. First psych lab in Leipzig. Measured "atoms of the mind" |
| William James | Wrote Principles of Psychology, one of first textbooks |
| William Sheldon | Classified people by body type:endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph |
| Young and Helmholz | Trichromatic Theory; three distinct photoreceptor cells that detect primary colors |