| vertical integration | control of all phases of an industry, from raw materials to finished product |
| corporation | business that is owned by investors |
| stock | share in a corporation |
| dividend | share of a corporation's profit |
| trust | group of corporations run by a single board of directors |
| monopoly | company that controls all or nearly all the business of an industry |
| free enterprise system | economic system in which businesses are owned by private citizens |
| sweatshop | workplace where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay |
| strikebreaker | worker hired as a replacement for a striking worker |
| anarchist | person who opposes organized government |
| collective bargaining | right of unions to negotiate with management for workers as a group |
| injunction | court order to do or not to do something |
| push factor | condition that encourages people to move away from their homeland |
| pull factor | condition that attracts people to move to a new area |
| pogrom | in Eastern Europe, an organized attack on a Jewish community |
| steerage | on a ship, the cramped quarters for passengers paying the lowest fare |
| ethnic group | people who share a common culture |
| assimilation | process of becoming a part of another culture |
| nativist | person who wanted to limit immigration and preserve the US for native-born white Protestants |
| patronage | practice of giving jobs to supporters |
| civil service | war between people of the same country |
| muckraker | journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s |
| public interest | the good of the people |
| primary | election in which voters choose their parties candidate for the general election |
| initiative | process by which voters can put a bill directly before the state legislature by collecting signatures on a petition |
| referendum | process by which people vote directly on a bill |
| recall | process by which voters can remoev an elected official from office |
| graduated income tax | tax on earnings that charges different rates for different income levels |
| trustbuster | person who wanted to end all trusts |
| conservation | protection of natural resources |
| national park | natural or historic area set aside and run by the federal government for people to visit |
| suffragist | person who campaigned for women's right to vote |
| temperance movement | campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol |
| barrio | neighborhood of Spanish speaking people |
| mutualista | Mexican American mutual aid group |
| nationalism | pride in one's nation |
| militarism | policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war |
| mobilize | to prepare for war |
| kaiser | German emperor |
| stalemate | deadlock in which neither side is strong enough to defeat the other |
| trench warfare | type of fighting in which both sides dig trenches and attempt to overrun the enemies trenches |
| propaganda | spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause |
| U-boat | German submarine |
| warmonger | person who tries to stir up war |
| czar | Russian emperor |
| draft | law requiring certain people to serve in the military |
| illiterate | unable to read ro write |
| bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials |
| pacifist | person who opposes all wars |
| socialist | person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits |
| armistice | agreement to stop fighting |
| abdicate | to give up power |
| epidemic | rapid spread of a contageous disease among large numbers of people |
| self-determination | right of national groups to their own territory and forms of government |
| reparation | after a war, payments from a defeated nation to a victorious nation to pay for losses suffered during the war |
| isolationist | policy of having little to do with the political affairs of foreign nations |
| recession | mild depression in which business slows and some workers lose their jobs |
| installment buying | method of buying on credit |
| stock | share in a corporation |
| bull market | rising stock market |
| on margin | practice that allowed people to buy stock with a downpayment of 10 percent of the full value |
| communism | economic system in which all property is ownes by the community |
| disarmament | reduction of nation's armed forces or weapons |
| bootlegger | person who smuggles liquor into the US during prohibition |
| speakeasy | illegal bar that served liquor during the prohibition |
| repeal | to cancel or undo |
| suburb | community located within commuting distance of a city |
| company union | labor organization that was controlled by the company owners |
| sabotage | secret destruction of property or interference with production in a factory or other workplace |
| anarchist | person who opposes organized government |
| deport | to expel from a country |
| nativist | person who wanted to limit immigration and preserve the US for native-born white Protestants |
| quota system | system that limited immigration by allowing only a certain number of people from each country to immigrate to the US |
| capital | money raised for a business venture |
| bankrupt | unable to pay debts |
| relief program | government program to help the needy |
| soup kitchen | place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge |
| public works | projects built by the government for public use |
| bonus | additional sum of money |
| fireside chat | radio speeches given by President Franklin Roosevelt |
| surplus | an extra amount, more than is needed |
| speculator | person who invests in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit |
| pension | sum of money paid to people on a regular basis after they retire |
| collective bargaining | right of unions to negotiate with management for workers as a group |
| sitdown strike | work stoppage in which workers refuse to leave a factory |
| unemployment insurance | program that gives payments to people who have lost their jobs until they find work again |
| laissez faire | idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs |
| deficit spending | government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes |
| national debt | total sum of money a government owes |
| dictator | ruler who has complete power |
| totalitarian state | country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people |
| collective farm | a farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state |
| nationalism | pride in one's nation |
| aggression | any warlike act by one country against another without just cause |
| concentration camp | prison camp for persons who are considered enemies of the state |
| annex | to add on |
| appeasement | practice of giving in to an aggressor nation's demands in order to keep peace |
| blitzkrieg | German word meaning lightening war; the swift attacks launched by Germany in World War II |
| island hopping | strategy of Allies in World War II of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others |
| kamikaze | in World War II, a Japanese pilot who carried out a suicidal attack on a target |
| atomic bomb | powerful nuclear weapon that could destroy an entire city with one bomb |
| satellite nation | country that is dominated by a more powerful nation |
| containment | in the Cold War, the policy of trying to prevent the spread of Soviet or communist influence beyond where it already existed |
| censure | to officially condemn |
| superpower | nation with enough strength to influence events in many areas around the world |
| exile | person forced to leave his or her country |
| guerilla | soldier who uses hit-and-run tactics |
| domino theory | in the Cold War, belief that if South Vietnam became communist, other countries in Southeast Asia would become communist, too |
| escalate | to build up, increase, or expand activity |
| dètente | easing of tensions between nations |
| martial law | rule by the army instead of the elected government |
| glasnost | Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of speaking out openly and honestly about problems in the Soviet Union |
| summit meeting | conference between the highest-ranking officials of different nations |
| free market | economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell |
| segregation | separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences |
| integration | bringing together people of different races or ethnic groups |
| boycott | to refuse to buy certain goods or services |
| civil disobedience | nonviolent opposition to a government policy or law by refusing to comply with it |
| sit-in | protest in which people sit and refuse to leave |
| affirmative action | program in areas such as employment and education to provide more opportunities for members of groups that faced discrimination in the past |
| migrant worker | agricultural worker who moves with the seasons, planting or harvesting crops |
| bilingual | in two languages |