| Minoans | Lived on the island of Crete |
| Trojan War | Troy destroyed to bring back Helen |
| Homer | Poet who brought life to the Greek gods |
| City States | Each city in Greece governed itself |
| acropolis | A hilltop fortress surrounding the polis |
| Battle of Marathon | Athenians defeat the Persians and drive them to the sea |
| Battle of Themopylae | 300 Spartans against the Persian army |
| Battle of Salamis | First major naval battle in history |
| aristocracy | rule by the best |
| oligarchy | rule by the few |
| tyranny | rule by one who has seized power |
| democracy | rule by the people |
| direct democracy | every vote votes on every issue |
| representative democracy | representatives vote on each issue |
| Sparta | Strong Greek military city |
| Athens | Democratic Greek city. Enemy of Sparta |
| ostracism | to throw someone out of the city for 10 years |
| Alexander the Great | Conquered the world starting out from Greece |
| Herodotus | Greek historian |
| Sophocles | Greek playwright. Wrote Antigone, Oedipus Rex |
| Hippocrates | Father of Greek medicine |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who inspired the Western world |
| koine Greek | Greek of the common man. Much of Bible written in this language |
| paterfamilias | Head of Roman household |
| gravitas | gravity/seriousness of purpose |
| dignitas | dignity/sense of personal worth |
| pietas | piety/sense of duty |
| Jupiter | Chief Roman god |
| Carthage | Enemy of Rome. Destroyed in Punic Wars |
| Hannibal | Took elephants from Carthage to fight Rome |
| Scipio | Defeated Hannibal because the best defence is a good offence |
| Julius Caesar | Unofficial emperor. Member of First Triumvirate |
| Pompey | Caesar's enemy. Member of First Triumvirate |
| Mark Antony | Ally of Cleopatra, enemy of Octavian |
| Cleopatra | Ally of Caesar and Mark Antony. Made an asp of herself |
| Octavian | Caesar's nephew later called Augustus |
| Pax Romana | 200 years of Roman peace |
| Constantine | In this sign, conquer |
| Charlemagne | Emperor of much of France and Germany |
| Charles Martel (the hammer) | Stopped the Muslim advance |
| Gregory VII (Hildebrand) | Humiliated Henry IV |
| Henry IV | German emperor who challenged the power of the pope |
| Crusades | Attempts to win Palestine for Christianity by force |
| Saladin | Muslim anti-Crusade leader |
| Richard Lionheart | English leader who fought Saladin |
| Luther | Nailed 95 Theses to a church door |
| John Calvin | Reformer in Geneva, Switzerland |
| John Knox | Scottish Reformer |
| Menno Simons | Founded the Mennonites |
| Louis XIV | The Sun King |
| Louis XV | Apres moi, le deluge |
| Louis XVI | The French revolted and executed him |
| First Estate | Nobles |
| Second Estate | Clergy |
| Third Estate | Everyone who wasn't nobles or clergy |
| Tennis Court Oath | We will stay here until we've written the constitution |
| Marie Antoinette | Did not say, "Let them eat cake." |
| Estates-General | Earlier French Parliament |
| National Assembly | Later French Parliament |
| Bastille | Stormed on July 14, 1789 |
| Reign of Terror | Tried to eliminate enemies of the French Revolution |
| Napoleon | Emperor of France |
| Josephine | Beloved wife of Napoleon |
| Marie-Louise | Second wife of Napoleon |
| Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia when Napoleon invaded |
| Elba | Where Napoleon was exiled to the first time |
| Hundred Days | When Napoleon escaped from exile and fought on |
| Battle of Waterloo | Where Napoleon was defeated once and for all |
| St. Helena | Napoleon was exiled here and died a few years later |
| enclosure movement | farm and common land divided up to be more efficient |
| factory system | Items are produced in factories in highly efficient way |
| domestic system | Most items are produced in the home by hand |
| James Watt | Perfected the steam engine |
| railroads | Started moving goods efficiently begining in Industrial Revolution |
| Adam Smith | Described capitalism in "The Wealth of Nations" |
| Queen Victoria | 19th Century British Monarch |
| Albert | Queen Victoria's husband |
| British Empire | The sun never set on this |
| William Gladstone | Liberal British PM |
| Benjamin Disraeli | Conservative British PM |
| Charles Spurgeon | Famous British preacher |
| WIlliam Booth | Founded Salvation Army |
| Florence Nightingale | Professionalized nursing |
| God, gold and glory | Reasons for expanding the British Empire |
| Charles Darwin | Invented Theory of Evolution |
| Socialism | Redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor |
| Immanuel Kant | Believed in relativism. Everyone has "spark of divinity" |
| GWF Hegel | Dialectic Thinking: Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis |
| Friedrich Schleiermacher | Believed in Higher Criticism of religion |
| Titanic | No one thought this ship would sink |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy |
| Triple Entente | France, Great Britain, Russia |
| Francis Ferdinand | Got shot in Sarjevo |
| 1914-1918 | First World War |
| Miracle on the Marne | German attack on France stopped here |
| Trenches | Germans and Allies built 600 miles of these |
| Tanks | The Allies' secret weapon |
| Submarines | The Germans' secret weapon |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Took Russia out of WWI |
| November 11, 1918 | The fighting in WWI ended at 11:00 AM |