| Hearing | the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain |
| Listening | paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. |
| Appreciative listening | listening for pleasure or enjoyment |
| Empathic listening | listening to provide emotional support for a speaker |
| Critical listening | listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it |
| Active listening | giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view |
| Listening for main points | focusing on specific things in the speech |
| Evidence | listen for evidence supporting the main points |
| Technique | Watch the technique the speaker uses to get the message across |
| Denotative meaning | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
| Connotative meaning | The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. |
| Thesaurus | A book of synonyms |
| Concrete words | Words that refer to tangible objects |
| Abstract words | Words that refer to ideas or concepts |
| Imagery | The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. |
| Simile | An explicit comparison, introduces with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
| Cliché | A trite or overused expression |
| Metaphor | Implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
| Rhythm | The pattern of sound in the speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. |
| Parallelism | The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. |
| Repetition | Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. |
| Alliteration | Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close and adjoining words. |
| Antithesis | The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. |
| Extemporaneous speech | A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. |
| Volume | The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice |
| Pitch | The highness or lowness of the speaker’s volume. |
| Inflections | Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice. |
| Monotone | A constant pitch or tone of voice. |
| Rate | The speed at which a person speaks. |
| Pause | A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. |
| Vocalized pause | A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh”, “er” and “um” |
| Vocal variety | Changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and voume that give the voice veriety and expressiveness. |
| Pronunciation | The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. |
| Articulation | The physical production of particular speech sounds. |
| Dialect | A variety ofa language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. |
| Kinesics | The sutyd of body motions as a systematic mode of communication |
| Gestures | Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech. |
| Eye contact | Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person. |
| Usefulness of visual aids | Clarifies, makes it interesting, retention |
| Models | An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. |
| Charts | A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form |
| Graphs | A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns |
| Role of informative speaker | to inform |
| Guidelines for effective informative speaking | Don’t overestimate what the Audience knows, Relate the subject directly to the Audience, Don’t be too Technical, Avoid Abstractions, Personalize your ideas |
| Persuasion | The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions. |
| Target audience | The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade |
| Question of fact | A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion |
| Question of policy | A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
| Speech to gain passive agreement | A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy |
| Speech to gain immediate action | A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. |
| Need | The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: I there a serious problem or need that reuires a change from current policy? |
| Burden of proof | The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary. |
| Plan | The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? |
| Practicality | The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? |
| Problem | solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
| Problem | cause-solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem. |
| Comparative advantages order | A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions |
| Monroe’s motivated sequence | A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
| Ethos | The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility |
| Initial credibility | The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak |
| Derived credibility | The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech |
| Terminal Credibility | The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech. |
| Evidence | Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something |
| Creating common ground | A Technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience |
| Logos | The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
| Hasty generalizations | An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. |
| Causal reasoning | Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. |
| Fallacies | An error in reasoning |
| Red herring | A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
| Ad hominem | A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
| Bandwagon | A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. |
| Slippery slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
| Pathos | The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal |
| Guidelines for speeches of introduction | Be brief, Make sure your remarks are completely accurate, Adapt your remarks to the occasion, Adapt your remarks to the main speaker, Adapt your remarks to the audience, Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama |
| Speech of presentation | A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition |
| Purpose of after | dinner speech speeches-A speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner. |
| Defining of traits of a small group | A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose |
| Types of leaders | implied leader, Emergent leader, designated leader |