| latitude lines | the imaginary lines that run east and west across the earth |
| longitude lines | the imaginary lines that run north and south along the earth |
| hemisphere | each half of the globe |
| equator | the imaginary line that encircles the earth |
| prime meridian | the imaginary line at zero meridean used to measure longitude east to west |
| crust | a thin layer of rock making up the earth's surface |
| hydrosphere | the water comprising the earth's surface |
| lithosphere | the solid rock portion of the earth's surface |
| atmosphere | the layers of grass immediately surounding the earth |
| mantle | a rock layer about 1800 miles thick that is between the earths crust and earths core |
| equinox | the two days a year that mark the beggining of spring and autum |
| solstice | the two days that mark the beggining of summer and winter |
| precipitation | falling water droplets in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail |
| climate | the typical weather conditions at a particular location observed over time |
| climate | the typical weather conditions at a particular location observed over time |
| hurricane | a storm that forms over warm, tropical ocean water |
| typhoon | a tropical storm, like a hurricane, that occurs in the western pacific |
| tornado | a powerful funnel-shaped column of spiraling air |
| blizzard | a heavy snowstorm with winds of more than 35 miles per hour and reduced visibility of less than one-quartermile |
| urban sprawl | poorly planned development that spreads a city's population over a wider and wider geographic area |
| smart growth | the efficient use and conservation of land and other rescources |
| terrorism | the use of force or violence against individuals to intimadating people into doing things |
| assimilation | when a culture gradually gives up on its own culture and adopts another culture |
| coalition | an allience |
| infrastructure | the basic support system needed to keep an economy going |
| global networking | the worldwide inter connecting group |
| sustainable community multiculturalism | a community where resedents can live and work in harmony with the enviroment |
| biological weapon | a bacterium or virus that can be used to harm r kill people, animals, or plants |
| panama canal | a ship canal cut through panama connecting the carribean sea with the pacific ocean |
| cultural hearth | the heartland or place of origen of a major culture |
| calypso | a style of music that began in trindad and combines musical elements from africa, spain, and the carribean |
| united provinces of central america | the name of central america after the region declard independence from mexico in1823 |
| reggae | music developed in jamaca in 1960's often dealling with social and cultural problems |
| treaty of trdesillas | a treaty beetween spain and portugal in 1494 that gave portugul control over land that's present day Brazil |
| capoeira | a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil |
| cerrado | a savvana that had flat terrain and mderate rainfall, which makes it suitable for farming |
| samba | Brazillian dance with african influences |
| carnival | the most colorful feast day in brazlil |
| canopy | the area encompasing the tops of trees in a rain forrest, about 150 feet above ground |
| aquifer | an underground layer of rock that stores water |
| sahara | the largest desert in the world |
| serengeti | an area of east africa, containing some of the best grasslands in the world |
| oasis | a place where water from an equater has reached the surface |
| commodity | an agriculture or minning product that can be sold |
| malaria | a desease carried by msquitos |
| one commodity country | a country thst relies on one principle export for much of its earnings |
| cholera | a deseased caused by bad water |
| aids | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, caused by HIV 1 and HIV 2 |
| hiv | Human Immunodefiency Virus;the disease that causes aids |
| diversify | to increase the number of products in a country's economy |
| Ghana | a country that swore in a new presedent in 2001 |
| tuberculosis | Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification of the system. |
| Uganda | a country that had reduced the amount of people with aids |
| taliban | a strickt Muslim group in Afghanistan that has imposed rigid rules on society |
| Shi'ite | one of two main branches of islam |
| theocratic | a form of government in which religous leaders control the government |
| OPEC | the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a group established in 1960 by some oil- producing nations to coordinate policies on selling petroleum products |
| Palistine Liberation Organization | a grouped formed in the 1960's to regain the Arab land in Isreal for Palestinian Arabs |
| Zionism | a movement that began in the 19th century to create and support a Jewish homeland in Palestine |
| Kurds | an ethnic group in southwest asia that has occupied kurdistan, located in turkey, iraq, and iran |
| mosque | an islamic place of worship , where muslims pray facing toward the holy city of Mecca |
| Western Wall | for jews, the holiest side in Jeruselum |
| Muhammad | the founder and a prophet of islam, who lived part of his lifein the city of Mecca |
| Archipelago | a set of closely grouped islands |
| cyclone | a violent storm with vierce winds and heavy rains |
| ganges | a river in south asia; an important water reascource flowing more than 1,500 miles from its source |
| brahmaputra | a river that conectes with the ganges river |
| himalaya mountains | a mountain range in south asia that includes mount everest |
| hinduism | the dominant religion in india |
| estuary | a broadend seaward end of a river, where the river's current meets the ocean tides |
| monsoons | a seasonal wind,especially in south asia |
| alluvial plains | land that is rich farmland, composed of silt, sand, or gravel deposited by running water |
| storm surge | high water level brought by a cyclone that swamps low lying areas |
| dynasties | a series of rulers from the same family |
| spheres of influence | a method o dividing forieghn control in china |
| economic tiger | a country with rapid econmic growth due to cheap labor, high technology, and aggresive exports |
| shoguns | the general of the emperors army with the power of a military dictator |
| Mao Zedong | the leader of the communist in china who defeated the nationalist in 1949 |
| confucianism | it stressed the importance of edgucation in an ordered society in which one respects ones elders and obeys the government |
| taoism | a philosophy based on the book tao te ching and the teachings of lao-tzu |
| pacific rim | an economic and social region including the country's surrounding the pacific ocean |
| three kingdoms | the kingdoms of korea koguryo, paekche, and silla |
| seoul | the largest city in south korea |
| atoll | a rigidlike coral island or string of small islands surrounding a lagoon |
| outback | the dry, unpopulated inland region of australia |
| bikini atoll | the site of the u.s. nuclear bomb tests |
| great barrier reef | a 1250 - mile chain of more than 2500 reefs and islands formed along australia's northeast coast |
| low island | pacific islands made of coral reefs |
| high islands | pacific islands formed by volcanoes |
| oceana | the group of islands in the pacific including melanasia, micronesia, and polynesia |
| voyaging canoe | a large ship developed by pacific islanders to sail the ocean |
| outrigger canoe | a small ship used in lagoons of islands where pacific islanders settled |