- auction: to sell off
- caesar: Roman ruler
- catacomb: undergound room used as a burial place
- consul: official chosen to manage the government and the army
- dictator: ruler with total control over the people
- disciple: a follower
- emperor: ruler of an empire
- gladiator: generally a prisoner or slave who served as a professional fighter
- patrician: wealthy, powerful Roman citizen
- patriotism: sense of pride in one's country
- persecute: to punish other for their beliefs
- pillage: to rob
- plebeian: common Roman citizin with little wealth or power
- pope: leader of the Roman church
- representative: one elected to represent the people
- republic: government where citizens have the right to vote
- Senate: governing body
- synagogue: Jewish place of worship
- tribune: person appointed to protect the rights of plebeians
- vandal: someone who destroys property