- abstract language: need to avoid
- active voice: subject performs the action
- alliteration: the repitition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants in 2 or more neighboring words or syllables
- analogy: extended metaphor or simile that clarifies an unfamiliar concept by comparing it to a more familiar one
- anaphora: the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
- anecdote: a brief story of interesting, humorous, or real-life incidents
- antithesis: setting off 2 ideas in balanced opposition
- arguments: stated positions with support for or against an idea or issue
- articulation: the clarity or forcefullness with which the sounds are made
- biased language: language that relies on unfounded assumptions;negative descriptions; or stereotypes or a given group's age, class, gender etc.
- body language: facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements
- call to action: a challenge to see the problem in a new way, change their beliefs about a problem
- canned: a speech that the speaker uses again and again in different settingsd
- central processing: being motivated and able to think critically about a message
- comparitive advantage pattern: speech points are organized to show how your viewpoint or proposal is superior to one or more alternatives
- Conclusion: ensure that the audience remembers the speech and reacts in a way that the speaker intends
- cultural sensitivity: being considerate of cultural beliefs, norms, or traditions different from our own
- ethos: moral character
- figures of speech: rhetorical devices that make striking comparisons that help the listener to visualize, identify with, and understand your ideas
- first several minutes: audience memkbers will decide whether they are interested in the topic of your speech, believe what u say, or give u full attention
- gain audience's attention: telling a story, posing questions, saying something startling, using humor, referring to the occasion
- good characteristics for a speaker: natural, enthusiastic, confident, and direct
- good conclusion: signals close, summarizes key points, reiterates topic and purpose, challenge audience to respond, memorable
- hierarchy of needs: BASIC NEEDS RANGING FROM THE ESSENTIAL, LIFE SUSTAINING ONES TO THE LESS CRITICAL SELF IMPROVEMENT
- Introduction: prepare the audience to hear the speech; previews what's to come
- jargon: specialized language of a given profession
- logical fallacy: false or erroneous statement
- logos: appeals to reason and logic
- malapropism: the inadvertent use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it
- metaphor: compares 2 things by describing one thing as actually being the other
- methods of delivery: speaking from manuscript, speaking from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously
- monroes five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
- motivated sequence: five step process the begins with arousing listeners attention and ending with calling for action
- mumbling: slurring words together at a low volume and pitch
- parallelism: the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form
- passive voice: subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action
- pathos: appeals to emotions
- pauses: enhance meaning by providing a type of puncuation
- persuasive speech: a speech used to influence beliefs values and acts of others
- pitch: the range of sounds from high to low or vice versa
- preview statement: identifies the main points of the speech, thus helping audience members to mentally organize the speech structure
- problem solution pattern: commonly used to design for persuasive speeches
- pronunciation: the correct formation of word sounds
- refutation organizational pattern: each main point addresses then disproves an opposing claim to your position
- rhetorical devices: techniques of language
- rhetorical questions: a question that doesn't invite an actual response but just makes the audience think
- scanning: being able to look at every person in the crowd
- simile: explicitly compares one thing to another using like or as
- slander: defamatory speech
- speaking extemporaneously: prepare well and practice in advance but speak from an outline or key words and phrases
- speaking from manuscript: read a speech verbatim
- speaking from memory: oratory
- speaking impromptu: speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare
- speaking rate: pace at which you convey speech
- speech of intro.: speech used to prepare or warm up the audience for speaker
- style: specific word choices
- supporting material: examples, stories, testimony, facts, or statistics
- talking head: a person that remains steadily in position behind a mic or podium
- target audience: knows about the topic and how they stand in relation to it
- vocal variety: enthusiasm
- voice: feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action
- volume: relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech