- bog: soft ground soaked with water
- constitutional monarchy: government with a monarch (king/queen) as head of state and a parliament or other legislature that makes the laws
- famine: great shortage of food
- fjord: narrow, deep inlets of sea set between high, rocky cliffs
- geysers: hot springs that shoot hot water and steam into the air; can be used for geothermal energy
- glen: Scottish word for "valley"
- loch: Scottish lakes; located in valleys carved by glaciers
- neutral: not taking sides in a dispute or conflict
- North Atlantic Drift: warm ocean current that brings mild temperatures and rain to parts of Northern Europe
- peat: matter made from dead plants, usually mosses
- uninhabitable: an area that cannot support human settlement