- acid: compound that releases hydrogen ions in a solution
- activation energy: necessary energy to cause a reaction
- active site: where the enzyme and substrate react
- active transport: using energy to take something in
- amine group: a nitrogen attached to a carbon
- amino acid: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
- anaphase: chromosomes split in two
- atom: the smallest component of an element
- atomic mass: the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
- atomic number: number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
- base: compound that reacts with acids to form a salt
- carbohydrate: most abundant organic compound found in nature; #1 source of energy
- carboxyl group: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
- carrier protein: transports substances
- catalyst: speed up/slow down a reaction
- cell membrane: external, limiting, bilayer lipid membrane
- cell membrane makeup: lipids, proteins
- cell wall: layer surrounding the cell of a plant
- cell wall makeup: lipids
- cellular division: cytokinesis + mitosis
- centresome: where microtubules are produced
- centrioles: make microtubules/used for cell division
- centromere: holds together the two halves of a chromosome
- chemical change: a change that results in the formation of a new substance
- chloroplast: photosynthesis
- chromatid: identical copies of a chromosome
- chromatin: DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
- chromoplast: allows for color pigment
- chromosome: DNA molecule
- coenzyme: non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes
- cofactor: proteins or vitamins that assist enzymes
- competitive inhibitor: blocks the enzyme at the active site
- compound: a substance made up of two or more elements
- covalent bond: sharing of electrons
- cristae: internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondiron
- cytokinesis: division of everything in the cell except for the nucleus
- cytoskeleton: allows for cell shape and structure
- cytosol: internal fluid of the cell
- dehydration synthesis: removal of water , removing a water molecule to form a bond
- denature: to unfold or inactivate a protein
- di-: none
- diffusion: particles move from a greater level of concentration to a lesser
- electron: a negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus
- element: composed of atoms with identical atomic numbers
- endocytosis: going into a cell
- endoplasmic reticulum: filters drugs
- energy: the capacity of a physical system to do work
- enzyme: A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
- enzyme inhibitor: blocks the enzyme from doing what it has to do
- facilitated diffusion: requires no energy
- gap1: growth of the cell
- gap2: cell prepares to divide
- golgi apparatus: packages/stores/ships proteins
- grana: stack of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chromoplasts
- haloenzyme: the enzyme, substrate, and co-enzyme or co-factor
- heterogeneous: inconsistent/non-uniform composition
- histone: acts as a spool for DNA
- homogeneous: consistent/uniform composition
- homologous: similar in structure/function/characteristics
- hydrolysis: breaking of a peptide bond to separate 2 amino acids
- hydrophilic: likes water
- hydrophobic: afraid of water
- hydroxyl group: hydrogen, oxygen
- hypertonic: more salt/ less water
- hypotonic: more water/less salt
- inorganic: doesn't contain carbon
- interphase: all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis
- ion: transfer electrons
- ionic bond: transferring of electrons
- isotonic: equal salt and water
- isotope: atoms or elements with different numbers of neutrons in their , atoms of the same element but with a different number of protons
- karyotype: an organized profile of a person's chromosomes
- kinetic energy: energy of an object due to it's motion
- leukoplast: stores oil and starch
- lipid: glycerol + fatty acid
- lysosome: intercellular digestion
- matrix: base material
- matter: the substance of which physical objects are composed
- metaphase: chromosomes align
- microtubules: conveyor belts inside the cell
- mitochondrion: converts food energy into useful form
- mitosis: division of the nucleus
- mono-: one
- monomer: small units of larger molecules
- neutron: a particle with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom
- non-competitive inhibitor: blocks the enzyme at a location other than the active site
- organic: contains carbon
- osmosis: diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
- osmotic balance: water balance
- peptide bond: a bond that joins any two amino acids
- peroxisome: detoxifies
- pH scale: measures how acidic or basic a substance is
- phagocytosis: cell eating
- physical change: affects the size/shape/color of a substance but not composition
- pinocytosis: cell drinking
- plastids: responsible for photosynthesis
- poly-: many
- polymer: large molecule formed by the joining of multiple monomers
- potential energy: stored energy
- product: formed as a result of a chemical reaction
- properties of water: two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom
- prophase: chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears
- prosthetic group: Non-protein compound essential to action of an enzyme
- protein: molecule composed of a long chain of amino acids
- proton: a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
- protoplasm: the living substance inside the cell
- reactant: a starting substance in a chemical reaction
- saturated fat: a fat with no double bonds
- solute: a substance dissolved in a solvent
- solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- solvent: a substance that dissolves another to form a solution
- spindles: break apart the chromosomes in a cell during cell division
- stroma: supporting framework of an organ
- substrate: specific reactant that an enzyme acts on
- synthesis: chromosomes duplicate
- telophase: two separate cells appear
- theory of biogenesis: life originates from pre-existing life
- thykaloid: where photosynthesis takes place
- unsaturated fat: fatty acid that have double bonds between the carbons and fats from plantes
- vacuole: storage
Biology Midterm