- Anti-federalist: Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption
- Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the U.S. adopted by congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781 and established a national legislature
- Bill of Rights: The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These amendments define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendants' rights
- Checks and balances: power is balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually check on another's activities
- Connecticut Compromise: was to create two houses in Congress. Each state shall have two representatives
- Consent of the governed: people must agree on who their ruler will be
- Constitution: a nation's basic law. It creates political institutions, allocates power within government, and often provides guaranteed to citizens.
- Declaration of Independence: Written by Jefferson. The document approve by representatives of the American colonies in 1176 declaring their independence
- Factions: interest groups arising form the undistribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper #10
- Federalist: supporters of the U.S. constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption
- Federalist Papers: A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay under name "Pubius" to defend the Constitution in detail
- Judicial Review: The power of the courts to determine whethers acts of Congress are in accord with the US Constitution. Established in Marbury v. Madison.
- Limited government: the idea of clear restrictions on what rulers can do
- N.J. Plan: proposed by William Peterson of N.Y. called for equality amongst states in representation
- Natural rights: John Locke's philosophy. Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments.
- Republic: a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws
- Separation of powers: was a Madison scheme. Power is shared amongst branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial but not where they can control each other
- Shay's Rebellion: a series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms
- U.S. Constitution: document written in 1787 and approved in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of U.S. government and tasks. Replaced the Articles of Confederation
- Virginia Plan: It called for giving each state representation in Congress based on the state's share of the American population
- Writ of habeas corpus: A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody