- Francis Bacon: an English scientist with few credidentials who agreed with inductive reasoning
- Galileo Galili: taught mathematics and published "the starry messenger". spread the ideas of Copernicus
- geocentric: earth-centered world
- heliocentric: sun-centered
- inductive reasoning: the belief that observations should be carefully organized into experiments
- Isaac Newton: attended Cambrige university and developed the theory of gravity
- Kepler: discovered that the orbit of planets was elliptical
- Margaret Cavendish: A woman scientist who was of noble birth and wrote "Observations upon Experimental philosophy"
- Maria Wincklemann: a famous female astronomer from germany
- Nicholas Copernicus: wrote revolutions of the heavenly spheres and developed the heliocentric theory
- Ptolemaic system: the theory that the universe is just a series of spheres and the earth is at the center of it all.
- Ptolemy: developed the geocentric theory of the universe
- rationalism: a system of thought based on teh belief that reason is the chief source of knowlege
- Rene Descartes: wrote about aboudt an uncertainty
- Robert Boyle: one of the first scientists to conduct a controlled experiment
- scientific method: a way to analyze data
- universal law of gravitation: the belief that gravity is what causes the planets to orbit