- alcohol: contains an -OH group
- aldehyde: contains a terminal O=C-H group
- alkane: consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds
- alkene: consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond
- alkyne: consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond
- amine: contains a terminal NH2 group
- carboxylic acid: contains a terminal O=C-OH group
- ester: contains an internal O=C-O- group
- ether: contains an internal O-O group
- ketone: contains an internal C=O group