- Akkadians: Semites--one of the nomadic groups that had migrated from the Arabic Peninsula to the Fertile Crescent--established a kingdom in northern Mesopotamia--conquered the Sumeerians
- Amorites: a Semitic people from Syria--military forces went into Mesopotamia--produced a ruler who would dominate Mesopotamia--his name was Hammurabi
- Chaldeans: lived in Babylon formed an alliance with the Medes and captured Nineveh and brought down the Assyrian Empire--reached the height of their power during the reign of one of their greatest rulers, King Nebuchadneazzar--he rebuilt Babylon into one of the most beautiful cities in the world
- Hebrews: known as Israelites--lived in Canaan--belief in one God --leading prophet is Abraham
- Hittites: conquered the people of Asia Minor--set up several city-states on a central plateau called Anatolia--conquered the city of Babylon
- Persians: originated from people called Indo-Europeans--settled on a plateau that is present day Iran
- Phoenicians: a Semitic group that settle in the northern part of Canaan--sailed the seas--built strong fast ships--developed an alphabet
- Sumerians: a people from either central Asia arrived in Mesopotamia--formed 12 city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates valley--built ziggurats which were a series of terraces with each terrace smaller that the one below.