Quizlet ling 451 final

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  1. babbling: utterance of linguistic sounds without meaning; usually have onsets but no codas, stress not manipulated
  2. between word variability: same adult target sound is pronounced differently in different words, but each word has a single stable pronunciation (ex: replacing 'd' with many consonants')
  3. binary feature and privative feature: + or - for a characteristic; segment with or without characteristic
  4. Broad category: phonemes; focus on phonetic differences between sounds that distinguishes one word from another (like broad transcription, the basics)
  5. Categories: grouping of instances based on shared characteristics
  6. differences in vocal tract shape of a 6month old?: no pharynx, shorter oral cavity, oral cavity is wider, upper surface of oral cavity is flatter, no teeth, larger tongue, NOT "L" SHAPED!!!
  7. foot: grouping of one or more syllables
  8. free variation: more than 1 pronunciation possible for same word in the same context
  9. headturning: when the infant hears a new sound it will turn its head towards the sound
  10. heart rate measure: when something new is presented the heart beat increases and slowly decreases as habituation occurs
  11. high amplitude sucking: when something new is presented sucking rate increases
  12. iambic stress: right headed stress
  13. IPA: international phonetic alphabet; designed to capture phonological contrasts so no unambiguous way to indicate certain fine details (some symbols missing); assumes all speakers have the same vocal tract and equivalent neural control
  14. manner of articulation: the way that airflow is controlled
  15. narrow category: phones/allophones; lots more detail, trancriptions with narrow categories allows any speaker to correctly pronounce the word
  16. natural class: group of sounds that share one or more distinctive features
  17. neutralized category: when categories are neutralized they show no contrast between two sounds (typically near category boundaries)
  18. Normalization: relation of F1 and F2 are consistent across vocal tracts (even though there is variation in size/shape of vocal tract)
  19. Phonetics: study of the physical properties of sounds used in human speech
  20. Phonology: studies the sound system of a specific language and how speech sounds pattern together
  21. phrase: grouping of two or more words
  22. place of articulation: location of articulators in the vocal tract
  23. stress clash: two adjacent stressed syllables (SS)
  24. trochaic stress: left-headed stress
  25. Voicing (laryngeal state): what is happening in the larynx with the vocal folds
  26. what 3 things help stress be realized?: duration, loudness, pitch
  27. what 3 things motivate the concept of a syllable?: existence of phonotactics, stress is simplified using it, certain phonological operations (epenthesis) are understood better with reference to it
  28. what are 8 factors that influence transcription?: quality of signal, transcriber competance, trancription level (broad/narrow), familiarity with phonetic characteristics not in language (weird diacritics), spelling, assumptions about target, connected speech vs. single words, complexity of stimuli
  29. what are phonological features designed to capture?: articulation of phonemes, aerodynamic qualitites excluding acoustics, patterns that phonemes take part in, natural classes
  30. what are the 3 speech sound categories?: place,manner, voicing
  31. what are the 4 techniques used when studying infants?: sucking, head turning, eye movements, heartrate
  32. What are the characteristics of a constricted glottis?: voicing, low supraglottal pressure, rapid rhythmic opening/closing of vocal folds
  33. What are the characteristics of a spread glottis?: high airflow, voiceless
  34. what are the features of babbling?: rhythmic opening/closing of oral cavity while voicing (identical in both deaf and hearing babies)
  35. what are the features of canonical babbling?: single syllables, reduplicative
  36. what are the features of variegated babbling?: fewer monosyllables, larger portion is non-reduplicative (infants with severe hearing impairment dont reach this stage)
  37. what are the optimal characterstics of a syllable?: optimal start is as closed as possible followed by maximally open vocal tract
  38. what are the place of articulation statistics for hearing impaired?: labials then dentals then velars (relying heavily on visual info)
  39. what are the place of articulation statistics for normal hearing?: dental then bilabial then velar
  40. what are the strength positions in the syllable?: strong :word intial, intermediate : coda, weak: C2 in onset or intervocalic Consonant
  41. what development occurs at 1.5 years?: 2 successive single word utterances, nasals and [w]
  42. what development occurs at 1year?: first words, constraint babbling made primarily of stops and vowels with Sw stress pattern, loss of non-native contrasts
  43. what development occurs at 2.5-3yrs?: fricatives, determiners/pronouns, past tense and one clause sentence
  44. what development occurs at 2yrs?: adult word order, reliable stress patterns
  45. what development occurs at 3-3.5years?: the liquid [l], question utterance
  46. what development occurs at 3.5-4yrs?: liquid [r], multiclause sentences and relative clauses
  47. what development occurs at 34.5-5 years?: all phonemes, more conjunctions, metalinguistic abilities (defining words)
  48. What development occurs during the baby's first months?: coo/babble; discrimination of minimal pairs
  49. what features make up cooing?: single syllables, closed-then-open, velars/uvulars
  50. What is a 'feature'?: phonological based that pulls out functionally important aspects of speech sounds which can describe articulators, positioning, movements, control of airflow
  51. what is a relational analysis?: compare adult and child pronunciations
  52. what is in independent analysis?: full analysis of child's sounds
  53. what is the bottom up processing of language?: bottom=sound, top=meaning
  54. what is the common pattern for sequence development? ('fixing of adult targets'): delete, assimilate only, defaults only, correct output
  55. what is the prosodic heirarchy?: prosodic word, foot, syllable, mora, segment, feature
  56. what is the relationship between perception and production?: child may percieve hundreds of words before production; production fine tunes perceptions
  57. what is the sonority scale?: stop, fricative, nasal, liquid, glide, vowel (low to high)
  58. What learning effects occur at 10months?: babbling is responsive to environment: observing/imitating adults, children from different language backgrounds start to sound different
  59. what occurs during 6-10m of age? what change occurs at 10m?: babbling, contrasts between sounds can be discrimnated;babbling with more sounds as well as stress and intonation
  60. which transcription/category method is best for children?: narrow because children do not yet have the adult system
  61. word: grouping of two or more feet