- aqueous solutions: water samples containing dissolved substances
- atmospheric pressure: results from the collisions of air molecules with objects
- barometers: devices commonly used to measure atmospheric pressure
- boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure
- boiling-point elevation: the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and that of the pure solvent
- colligative properties: properties that only depend on the number of particles dissolved in a given mass of solvent
- concentrated solution: contains a high concentration of solute
- concentration: a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
- deliquescent: compounds that remove sufficient water from the air to dissolve completely and form solutions
- desiccants: hygroscopic substances are used as drying agents
- dilute solution: contains only a low concentration of solute
- effloresce: process of losing the water of hydration
- electrolytes: compounds that conduct an electric current
- evaporation: the conversion that occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling
- freezing-point depression: the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and that of the pure solvent
- gas pressure: the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object
- Henry's law: states that at a given temperature the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid
- hygroscopic: removes moisture from the air
- immiscible: liquids that are insoluble in each other
- kinetic energy: the energy an object has because of its motion
- kinetic theory: states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion
- miscible: two liquids that dissolve in each other
- nonelectrolytes: compounds that do not conduct an electric current
- normal boiling point: boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa
- pascal (Pa): SI unit of pressure
- phase diagram: gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as solid, liquid, and gas
- saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent
- solubility: the amount that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent
- solute: the dissolved particles
- solvation: the process that occurs when a solute dissolves
- solvent: the dissolving medium
- standard atmosphere (atm): the pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 25 C
- strong electrolyte: almost all the solute exists as separate ions
- sublimation: the change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state
- supersaturated solution: a solution that contains more solute than it should theoretically continue to hold
- surface tension: the inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid
- surfactant: a wetting agent such as soap or detergent
- triple point: describes the only set of conditions at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another
- unsaturated: a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution
- vacuum: an empty space, with no particles and no pressure
- vapor pressure: a force due to the gas above the liquid
- vaporization: the conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor
- water of hydration: water of crystallization, hydrate
- weak electrolyte: only a fraction of the solute exists as un-ionized