- Abolish the juvenile court: enhanced protection for young offenders, affirms individual responsibility, avoids punishment gap, no room for individualized assessments
- adjudication: trial
- amenable: rehabilatatable
- Arrest rates for females: continued to rise steadily since the 1980s
- Assumptions of criminalization: some youth are amenable/less culpable/less competent, etc.
- Becker: (labeling/differential association under SI) social learning, ex. of how people learn to enjoy marijuana
- competency: legal understanding
- Components of gangs: organized groups with leaders, unified at peace/war, demonstrate unity, claim a geographic area, engage in criminal activity
- Conflict Theory: contradictory interests, inequalities between social groups
- CT problems: emphasis on economic factors/people as passive objects/stable elements of society
- CT solutions: re-establishing a consensus, change system
- culpable: extent of guilt
- disposition: sentencing
- Emile Durkheim: (SF) collective consciousness/feelings of relationship/solidarity/trust
- Females least involved with: rape, gambling, other sexual offenses
- Females most involved with: runaways, prostitution, embezzlement
- Herbert Mead: (SI) meanings emerge through interaction
- Herbert Spencer: (SF) society as an integrated system
- judicial waiver: goal is to punish violent juvenile offenders, juvenile court holds hearing
- Juvenile version of criminal court: enhanced procedural protections, fairer process, less severe punishment than criminal courts
- Karl Marx: (CP) power/unequal distribution of resources/those with more want to maintain/those with less want to equalize
- Key foci of SI: humans are symbol-manipulating, process/emergence, the social world as interactive, underlying patterns/forms of social life
- Key terms of SC: claims/claims-makers
- Latent functions: unexpected consequence of social change
- Levitt: Abortion legalization changed composition of birth cohorts
- Manifest functions: intended purpose of social change
- Matsueda/Crutchfield: (Social disorganization theory under SF) Seattle neighborhood study
- Merton: (SF) strain theory of differential access/value of achievement/no access
- petition: charge
- Process of juvenile justice system: prosecution, court intake, formal processing, adjudication/disposition
- Rehabilitative juvenile court: keep system as it is, individualized justice, focus on fixing the young people
- SF parts of society: norms, roles, institutions, values
- SF problems: consensus is not society-wide/own special needs/interests conflict
- SF solutions: realign political economy, reduction of welfare state
- SI key terms: attitudes/ideologies
- SI problems: ignores social structure/power/history
- Social Constructionism: how particular conditions/issues come to be widely accepted as problematic, no universal condition/issue is inherently bad, rather conditions are labeled as bad
- Social disorganization: theory under SF, social interaction is disordered, lacks social cohesion, breakdown in social control
- Structural Functionalism: social systems and how their interdependent parts maintain order
- Sykes: Abortion legalization did not cause a change in composition
- Symbolic Interactionism: focuses on interaction, perception of situations, the ways in which social life is constructed through interaction (individual actors)
- Trends in crime spike due to: population youth, drug (crack cocaine), abortion
- U.S. Iran-Contra Affair: columbian-based cocaine cartels, contra war in nicaragua, US support of the rebels
- Violent crimes: increased in late 80s/early 90s, decreased in almost every category of crime from mid 90s til now
- What is a social problem: a condition or behavior that contradicts others and defined as incompatible with the desired quality of life, caused by factors at multiple levels of social life, involves intergroup conflict, requires social action to be resolved
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