Quizlet Anatomy Exam 2

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  1. 1st order neuron: detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem
  2. 2nd order neuron: continues as far as a gateway called the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem
  3. 3rd order neuron: carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex
  4. Afferent: carry sensory signals from receptors to the CNS
  5. Antagonist: a muscle that opposes a prime mover – limits the speed or range of the agonist, prevents excessive movement and joint injury (triceps and biceps brachii work as antagonistic muscle pair)
  6. Arachnoid: simple squamous epilithium
  7. Arachnoid mater of brain: transparent membrane, a subarachoind space separates it from the pia mater, and a subdural space separates dura from it.
  8. Astrocytes: most abundant and functionally diverse – 90% of tissue in some areas of the brain – starlike shape with many branches – cover brain surface and most non-synaptic neurons in grey matter of CNS – extensions called perivascular feet that contact the endothelial cells of blood capillaries and stimulate then to form tight junctions - contribute to blood-brain barrier. Convert blood glucose to lactate and give it as nourishment to neurons – secrete growth factors that promote hormone growth – regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid – form scar tissue where damage is (CNS)
  9. Cardiac Muscle: striated buy involuntary, cells are not fibrous, so they are called myocytes or cardiocytes.
  10. Central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobe between the primary motor cortex and the somethetic cortex
  11. Cerebellum: muscular coordination, fine motor control, muscle tome, posture, equilibrium, judging passage of time, some involvement in emotion processing tactile input, special perception and language.If this is injured they may not be able to do things that require motor coordination like walking, also trouble with awareness, emotion, and judging the passage of time
  12. CNS: consists of the brain and spinal cord, most information processing by the nervous system occurs here
  13. Contralateral: when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body we say they are contralateral to each other
  14. Corticospinal: carry motor signals from the cerebral cortex for precise finely coordinated limb movements. Fibers form ridges called pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, so these tracts are called they pyramidal tracts – there are ventral and lateral parts to this
  15. Cuneate fasciculus: joins the gracile fasiculus at the T6 level – occupies lateral portion of the dorsal column, carries same type of sensory signals, originates form level T6 and up - in the medulla second order fibers of the gracile and cuneate systems decussate and form the medial lemniscus – a tract of nerve fibers that lead the rest of the way up the brainstem to the thalamus – third order fibers go from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
  16. Decussation: tracts cross over from the left side of the body to the right or vice versa
  17. Deep fascia: wraps around entire muscle – separates from other muscles and keeps them slippery
  18. Dermatome: Each spinal nerve except C1 receives sensory input from a specific area of skin called a – they overlap so that if one is cut, it wont be completely deaden sensation form dermatome – would have to sever three successive spinal nerves to produce a total loss of sensation from one dermatome – can test nerve damage of dermatomes with pinpricks
  19. Diencephalons: composed of the thalamus, epithalamiums and hypothalamus
  20. Direct attachment: collagen fibers of the epimysium and continuous with the periosteum, muscle tissue appears to rise right out of the bone
  21. Dura: superficial layer, outer tough dural sheath like a rubber kitchen glove
  22. Dura mater of brain: two layers, outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer – some dural sinuses that hold blood
  23. Efferent: carry motor signals from the CNS to effectors
  24. Endomysium: – surround each muscle fiber – this sleeve of areolar connective tissue – allows room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach all muscle fibers
  25. Ependymal: produce cerebral spinal fluid – and cilia that help that help circulate it(CNS)
  26. Epimisyum: a fibrous sheath that surround the entire muscle – extends beyond the ends of many muscles as a fibrous band/tendon, connecting it to periosteum of bone
  27. Fixator: muscle that prevents a bone from moving (muscle that attach scapula to vertebrae)
  28. Frontal: concerned with cognition thought and other higher mental processes, speech and motor control
  29. Ganglion: cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
  30. Gracile fasciculus: carries signals form the mid-thoracic and lower parts of the body, below C6-composes entire dorsal column, comsposed of 1st order nerve fibers and travel up the ipsolateral side and terminate at the gracile nucleus in the medulla oblongata – visceral pain, deep and discrimative touch (touch whose location one can precisely identify) and proprioception (non-visual senesce of position and movements)
  31. Gyrus: bump
  32. Hypothalamus: mammillary bodies composed of nuclei belonging to the hypothalamus and limbic system  primary route of sensory input to the hypothalamus – major control center of the autonomic nerve center and endocrine system and plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all organs of the body – its nuclei include centers concerned with a wide variety of visceral functions – hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rythms, emotional responses, and memory.
  33. Indirect attachment: a tendon emerges from the connective tissue of the muscle and merges into the periosteum of the bone
  34. Insula: plays roles in taste, hearing, and visceral sensation
  35. Interneurons: lie entirely within the CNS. Receive signals from many other neurons and carry out the integrative function of the nervous system “make decisions” about how the body should respond to certain stimuli – 90% of neurons are interneurons – inter refers to the fact that they are in between and connect the outgoing and in going pathways to the CNS
  36. Ipsilateral: when a tract does not decussate so the origin and destination of its fibers are on the same side of the body
  37. Lateral sulcus: separating temporal lobe from frontal and parietal
  38. Limbic system: One of the most important centers for emotion and learning spirals around corpus callosum – three main parts are cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala. – There is a limbic system in each hemisphere – emotion and learning with centers for gratification and aversion
  39. Longitudinal fissure: very deep median groove that separated the right and left hemispheres from each other
  40. Medulla oblongata: origin or termination of cranial nerves IX-XII - Sensory input from the taste buds, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera – Motor nuclei include the cardiac center (adjusts rate and force of hearbeat), vasomotor center (blood diameter and blood pressure), two respiratory centers (control taste and depth of breathing), and centers involved in speech, coughing, sneezing salivation, swallowing, gagging vomiting, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, and movements of the tongue and head
  41. Microglia: small macrophages they develop from white blood cells called monocytes – wander CNS and phagocytize dead nervous tissue, microorganisms and other foreign matter. Become concentrated in damaged areas  good clue to look for injury (CNS)
  42. Midbrain: origin of cranial nerves III-IV (concerned with eye movements). Red nucleus is concerned with fine motor control. Substantia nigra relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei of forebrain. Central grey matter modulates awareness of pain, Superior cilliculi concerned with cusual attention and tracking movements of the eyes, and visual reflexes such as shifting gaze to objects seen moving in peripheral vision. Inferior colliculi relay auditory signals to thalamus and mediate audiory reflexes such as the startle response to a loud noise
  43. Motor (efferent) division: carries motor signals by way of efferent nerve fibers from the CNS to the effectors (cells and organs that carry out the body’s responses, mainly gland and muscle cells
  44. Motor (efferent) neurons: send signals predominantly to the muscle and gland cells, effectors that carry out the body’s responses to stimuli. Called motor because most of them lead to muscle cells and efferent meaning away from CNS
  45. Nerve: bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS
  46. nerve plexus: is a network of intersecting nerves. They combine sets of spinal nerves that serve the same area of the body into one large grouped nerve.
  47. Nucleus: cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
  48. Occipital: principal visual center
  49. Oligidendrocytes: octopus – bulbous body with up to15 arm-like processes – each spirals around a nerve fiber forming a myelin sheath – which insulates the fiber from the extracellular fluid and speeds up signal conduction (CNS)
  50. Parasympathetic division motor: tends to adapt the body to a state of rest, low heartrate, airflow, and high digestion
  51. Parietal: primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses as well as signal for taste (one of the special senses)
  52. Perimysium: thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles
  53. Pia mater: delicate translucent membrane andchors cord to vertebra anchor the cord with denticulare ligaments that keep the cord moving side to side
  54. Pia mater of brain: very thin membrane covering all surfaces
  55. PNS: remainder of the nervous system and serves for input to and output from the CNS. Comprised of nerves (a bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue) and ganglia (a knot like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated)
  56. Pons: sensory terminations and motor origins of cranial nerves V-VIII – sensory muscle receive input from face, eye, oral and nasal cavities, sinuses, and meanings, concerned with pain, touch, temperature, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. Cranial nerve motor nuclei control chewing, swallowing, eye movements, inner and middle ear reflexes, facial expression, and secretion of tears and saliva. Other nuclei of pons relay signals from cerebrum to cerebellum (provides most of the input to the cerebellum) or the function in sleep, respiration, bladder control, and posture.
  57. Prime mover (agonist): muscle the produces he most force during a particular joint action (biceps brachii)
  58. Reticular Formation: a network of over 100 nuclei extending throughout the brainstem, including some nuclei described earlier in this table, involved in somatic motor control, equilibrium, visual attention, breathing, swallowing, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and sensuousness
  59. Satellite cells: surround the neuron cell bodies in ganglia of PNS little is known of their function (PNS)
  60. Schwann cells: envelop nerve fibers of PNS forming a sleeve called the neurolemma – produces myelin sheath also assist in regenerations of damaged fibers (PNS)
  61. Sensory (afferent) division: carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fivers form sensory receptors to the CNS
  62. Sensory (afferent) neurons: detect stimuli such as light heat pressure and chemicals and transmit information about them to the CNS - begin anywhere, but always end in the brain or spinal cord – afferent meaning toward CNS
  63. Skeletal Muscle: voluntary striated usually attached to one or more bones, made from muscle cells called myofibers.
  64. Smooth: muscle structured in overlapping fashion, no striations, cells are fusiform (fat in the middle) – involuntary
  65. Somatic: innervate the skin, skeletal muscles, nodes and joints
  66. Somatic motor division: carries signals to the skeletal muscles, this output produces muscular contractions that are under voluntary control as well as involuntary muscle contractions called somatic reflexes
  67. Somatic sensory division: carries signals form receptors in the skin, muscles, bones and joints
  68. Spinothalamic: passes up the anterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, carries signals for main, temperature, pressure, tickle, itch, and light or crude (vaguely identifiable) touch – first order neurons end in the dorsal horn or the spinal cord, second order decussate to the opposite side of the spinal cord and there form the ascending spinothalamic tract and lead all the way to the thalamus – third order neurons continue from there to the cerebral cortex
  69. Subarachnoid space: aka, Lumbar cistern occupied by the cauda equine and cerebrospinal fluid
  70. Sulcus: crevice between bumps
  71. Sympathec division motor: tends to prepare the body for action, for example, by accelerating the heartbeat and increasing respiratory airflow, and inhibiting digestion
  72. Synergist: aids the prime mover, doesn’t always do the same thing as a prime mover, may stabilize of modify movement or something else (brachialis)
  73. Temporal: hearing, smell, learning, memory and some aspects of vision and emotion
  74. Thalamus: gateway to the cerebral cortex – nearly alls sensory signals and other input to the cerebrum pass by way of nuclei in the thalamus – which processes these signals and relays coded information to areas of the cerebral cortex specialized to interpret it. nearly all regions of cerebral cortex send messages back through it – two way traffic
  75. Tracts: bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS
  76. Viceral sensory division: carries signals mainly form the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities such as the hear lungs stomach and urinary bladder
  77. Visceral: innervate blood vessels, glands, and vicera
  78. Visceral motor division (autonomic NS): carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle – usually there is no voluntary control over these effectors