- acoustic encoding: encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
- amnesia: loss of memory
- automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequence
- chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
- deja vu: that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"
- echoic memory: momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; sounds can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
- effortful processing: encoding that requires attention conscious effort
- encoding: processing of information into the memory system- for example, extracting meaning
- explicit memory: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
- flashbulb memory: clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
- hippocampus: neural center that is located in limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
- iconic memory: momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
- imagery: mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing
- implicit memory: retention independent of conscious recollection
- long-term memory: relatively permanant and limitedless storehouse of the memory system
- long-term potentiation (LTP): increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
- memory: persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
- misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
- mnemonics: memory aids; like vivid imagery
- mood-congruent memory: tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
- priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
- proactive interference: disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
- recall: measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
- recognition: measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
- rehearsal: conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
- relearning: memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
- repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- retrieval: process of getting information out of memory storage
- retroactive interference: disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
- semantic encoding: encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
- sensory memory: the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
- serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
- short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing
- source amnesia: attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
- spacing effect: tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
- storage: retention of encoded information over time
- visual encoding: encoding of picture images
- working memory: newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incomine auditory and visual-spatial information