- Application: Layer 7
- Application: Proxy Server
- Application: DNS (Domain Name Service)
- Application: FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- Application: HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
- Application: NFS (Network File System)
- Application: NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
- Application: POP3 (Post Office Protocol v3)
- Application: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- Application: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
- Application: Telnet
- Application: TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
- Application: Take data from applications
- Application: Ensure all necessary resources are available
- Application: Initialize services and the network for data transmission
- Data Link: Switches
- Data Link: Bridges
- Data Link: WAP (Wireless Access Points)
- Data Link: 802.1Q - 802.3 (Ethernet) - 802.11 a/b/g (Wireless)
- Data Link: Token Ring
- Data Link: Break data packet into frames
- Data Link: Manages Hardware Addresses (MAC)
- Data Link: Defines the topology of the network based on IEEE 802.x standards
- Data Link: Provide error and flow control
- Data Link: Layer 2
- Data Link & Physical: NIC
- Network: ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
- Network: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
- Network: IP (Internet Protocol)
- Network: IPX (Internet Packet Exchange)
- Network: NetBios/NetBeui
- Network: Break segmented data into packets and sequences them
- Network: Assign logical addresses to packets
- Network: Routes packets
- Network: Router
- Network: Brouter
- Network: Layer 3
- Physical: Layer 1
- Physical: Repeater
- Physical: Hub
- Physical: Cables
- Physical: Physically, mechanaically and/or electronically connect network devices
- Physical: Break frames into raw binary bits
- Physical: Defines the network media used
- Presentation: Layer 6
- Presentation: ASCII
- Presentation: GIF
- Presentation: JPEG
- Presentation: TIFF
- Presentation: Reformat or translate between different characters sets
- Presentation: Encrypting/decrypting and compression/ecompression
- Presentation: Provides support for error recovery
- Session: X-Windows
- Session: Assumes a reliable virtual connection
- Session: Establishing, maintaining, synchronization and terminating connections
- Session: Port numbers assigned and maintained
- Session: Layer 5
- Session: NetBIOS
- Session: RPC - Remote Procedure Calls
- Transport: ATP (Apple Talk Protocol)
- Transport: NetBeui
- Transport: SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange)
- Transport: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- Transport: UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Transport: Packages data into segments
- Transport: Provides flow control
- Transport: Performs end-to-end transport of data
- Transport: Layer 4
- Transport & Data Link: PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol)