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(PAC) political organizationestablished by a corporation, labor union, or otherspecial interest group designed to support candidatesby contributing money: political action committee
13: # delegates to become H of R members
19: # Delgates to become senators
2/3 vote of Congress or 2/3 state legislatures AND 3/4 of states legislatures or 3/4 of special state conventions agree: Give 2 ways that amendments can be passed
4: # delegates to become justices
4: # delegates to be on Supreme Court
55: How many men attended the Constitutional Convention
A bicameral legislature (Senate with equal representation and House based on population): What was the main part of the Great Compromise?
a certain percentage of deposits that banks have toset aside as cash in their own vaults or as deposits intheir Federal Reserve district bank: reserve
a combination of two or more companies to forma single business: merger
a competing product that consumers can use inplace of another: substitute
a country whose average per capitaincome is only a fraction of that in more industrializedcountries: developing country
a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspects property and take specific items as evidence: search warrant
a customs duty; a tax on an imported good: tariff
a farm in which the land is owned by thegovernment but rented to a family: collective farm
a financial institution that offers fullbanking services to individuals and businesses: commercial bank
a formal charge by a grand jury: indictment
a formal request for a government action: petition
a geographic area that contains a specific numberof voters: precinct
a good purchased from one country by another: import
a government in which one leader or groupof people holds absolute power: authoritarian
a government payment to an individual, business,or group in exchange for certain actions: subsidy
a group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime: grand jury
a group of people who share a point of viewabout an issue and unite to promote their beliefs: interest group
a limit on the amount of foreign goods importedinto a country: quota
a market situation in which the costs ofproduction are minimized by having a single firmproduce the product: natural monopoly
a market where producers offer goodsand services for sale: product market
a market where productive resources arebought and sold: factor market
a mechanism of mass communication, includingtelevision, radio, newspapers, magazines, recordings,movies, and books: mass media
a meeting of political party members to conductparty business: caucus
a monarch that has complete andunlimited power to rule his or her people: absolute monarch
a movement to educate buyers about thepurchases they make and to demand better and saferproducts from manufacturers: consumerism
a party that challenges the two major parties: third party
a person who runs a county committee,often having a great deal of political power in thecounty: county chairperson
A president or elected leader: Who rules a republic
a process by which political parties select andoffer candidates for public office: nomination
a program that gives taxcredits and even cash payments to qualified workers: earned income tax credit
a programthat provides help for nutrition and health care tolow income women, infants, and children up to age 5: WIC
a reliance on others, as they relyon you, to provide goods and services to be consumed: economic interdependence
a representative to a meeting: delegate
a ruler who exercises complete control over astate: dictator
a series of statements expressing the party’s principles,beliefs, and positions on election issues: platform
a special election in which citizens can vote toremove a public official from office; situation in whicha company pulls a product off the market or agrees tochange it to make it safe: recall
a specialist whose job is to conduct polls regularly: pollster
a strong party organization that can controlpolitical appointments and deliver vote: political machine
a sum of money required of voters before they arepermitted to cast a ballot: poll tax
a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensurethat an accused person returns for his or her trial: bail
a survey in which individuals are askedto answer questions about a particular issue or person: public opinion poll
a system in which government control extendsto almost all aspects of people’s lives: totalitarian
a system in which private citizens own most, ifnot all, of the means of production and decide how touse them within legislated limits: capitalism
a system of government in which twoparties compete for power: two-party system
a system of government in whichboth executive and legislative functions reside in anelected assembly: parliamentary system
a tax that takes a larger percentageof higher incomes than lower incomes: progressive income tax
Addition of a Bill of Rights: What promise helped get the constitution ratified?
Africans: What immigrants did not come willingly to the United States?
Aliens: Noncitizens
all civilians 16 years old or older whoare either working or are looking for work: civilian labor fource
alternating periods of growth and declinethat the economy goes through: business cycle
Amend: To change
Amending the constitution: What does Article 5 of the Constitution deal with?
Amendment: A change to the Constitution
an account in which customers receiveinterest based on how much money they havedeposited: savings account
an account in which deposited moneycan be withdrawn at any time by writing a check: checking account
an association of voters with broad commoninterests who want to influence or control decisionmaking in government by electing the party’scandidates to public office: political party
an economic system in which thedecisions of what, how, and for whom to produceare based on custom or habit: traditional economy
an economic system in which themajor economic decisions are made by the centralgovernmen: command economy
an election in which voters choose candidatesto represent each party in a general election: direct primary
an election in which voters need not declaretheir party preference to vote for the party’s nominees: open primary
an institution that lends money to otherbanks; also, the place where the government does itsbanking business: central bank
an international body that oversees trade among nations: world trade organization
an organization that supports causesthat affect the lives of Americans in general: public interest group
Anti-Federalists: Name for people that did not like the Constitution
Because governments have a limited amount of money and must make sure that they use it wisely: Why is planning a budget important to a government's success?
Because lobbyists bribe lawmakers: Why has lobbying been criticized in the past?
Because the delegates wanted to be able to speak freely without being judged on what they said later: Why were there no records at the Constitutional Convention?
Because they both adopt a moderate view in order to appeal to the most voters: Why do today's political parties seem so similiar?
Because voters change their mind a lot: Why is public opinion on political candidates considered unstable?
Because without them, life would be horrible and people would only think about themselves: Why did Hobbes believe that people needed governments?
Benjamin Franklin: Oldest Delegate to the constitutional convention
Between 1890 and 1924: When did the largest group of European immigrants come to the US?
bicameral: Another name for a two-house legislature
Bill of Rights: Another name for the first 10 amendments
both coins and paper money: currency
boycott: To refuse to buy or use
budget: A plan for collecting and spending money
Campaigning for candidate, informing voters, helping manage government, linking levels of government, and acting as a watchdog: What are the 5 main jobs of political parties?
censorship: The ban of printed materials
Charles I: Monarch that canceled the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony controlled by the crowm
Charles Pickney: Youngest delegate to constitutional convention
Charles Thomson: Designed the seal of the US and was the secretary to the Continantal Congress
Charter: Written document granting land and the authority to set up colonial governments
Checks and balances: Principle where all branches of government can check the power of the others
choosing the alternative that has the greatestvalue from among comparable quality products: rational choice
citizens: Community members who owe loyalty to the government and are entitled to protection from it
civics: The study of the rights and duties of citizens
Civil liberties: Freedoms we have to think and act without government interference ot fear of unfair treatment
Coercive Acts: What did England call the Intolerable Acts?
colony: A group of people in one place ruled by a parent country elsewhere
Common civic and political heritage based on US founding documents and a single language: What are two sources of American Unity?
Common law: A system of law that is based on precedent and customs and rests on court decisions rather than regulations written by lawmakers
compact: An agreement or contract anomg a group of people
Concurrent powers: Powers shared by the national and state governments
Confederation: A group of individuals who band together for a common purpose
conflict between the US and the soviet union dating from the later 1940's to the late 1980's: Cold War
constitution: A written plan for government
court with authority to hear casesabout human rights violations: international tribunal
Declaratory Act: Act passed by England stating that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies in all cases
decreasing satisfaction orusefulness as additional units of a product are acquired: diminishing marginal utility
delegates: Representatives
Democracy: A government in which the people rule
Democratic Party: What is the name of the Democratic-Republican Party today?
deport: To send an illegal immigrant back to their own country
dictatorship: A government controlled be one person or a small group of people
Dictatorship: the government is controlled by only one person or a select few people; Democracy: the citizens run the government: What is the difference between a dictatorship and democracy?
Direct democracy: A type of democracy in which every citizen perticipates in the government firsthand
Direct Democracy: What kind of government did the Mayflower Compact set up?
Direct democracy: all citizens participate firsthand in the government; Representative democracy: citizens choose a smaller group to represent them: What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?
Diverse: Give one word to describe the American population.
downward sloping line that graphicallyshows the quantities demanded at each possible price: demand curve
each individual part of a political party’s platform: plank
Each slave counted for three fifths of a free person: What was in the Three-Fifths Compromise?
economic goods that are consumedcollectively, such as highways and national defense: public goods
economic model that compares themarginal costs and marginal benefits of a decision: cost benefit analysis
economic system in which government ownssome factors of production and distributes theproducts and wages: socialism
economic system in which individuals andbusinesses are allowed to compete for profit with aminimum of government interference: free enterprise
economic system in which the centralgovernment directs all major economic decisions: communism
Eighteenth: Amendment prohibiting alcohol
Eighth: AMendment preventing excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
Eleventh: Amendment about suits against the state
English Bill of Rights: Document stating that the monarch could not suslend Parliament's laws, among other rules giving power to Parliament
executive: Branch of government that carries out the laws
Expressed powers: Powers given only to the national government
federal agency that insures individual accounts in financialinstitutions for up to $100,000: federal deposit insurance corporation
federalism: Form of government in which power is divided between the states and national government
Federalist Party: What party did Hamilton found?
Federalists: Name for supporters of the Constitution
Fifteenth: Amendment saying that African Americans have the right to vote
Fifth: Amendment preventing double jeapordy, saying that you don't have to testify against yourself, and due process
financial institutionsthat traditionally loaned money to people buyinghomes: savings and loan association
firm that does business or has offices inmany countries: multinational
First: Amendment granting freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and to petition
Follow a set of rules and accept the government's authority: As a citizen, what do you agree to do?
following established legal procedures: due process
For work and a better life: Why do you think that aliens come to the US?
Fourteenth: Amendment protecting the rights of citizens and gave African Americans the right to be citizens
Fourth: Amendment preventing against unreasonable searches and seizures
fundamental freedoms of individuals: human rights
GDP after adjustments for inflation: real GDP
George III: Under which king did England adopt a policy of mercantilism? (same king that adopted all of the Acts)
George III: Under what king did colonists break away from England?
gifts of nature that make productionpossible: natural resources
Glorious Revolution: Event that showed that Parliament had more power than the monarch
goods that, when consumed by one individual,cannot be consumed by another: private goods
government: The ruling authority for a community
government censorship of material before itis published: prior restraint
government coupons that can be used topurchase food: food stamps
government that gives all key powers to thenational or central government: unitary system
Governor and lawmaking body appointed by the Virginia Company: Original government of Jamestown
Gross Domestic Product per person: per capita GDP
Having citizenship in two countries: What is dual citizenship?
Henry III: King that allowed Parliament to meet
House of Burgesses: The name of the first representative body in Jamestown that was elected by the people
How much the government should be involved: What was the main difference between the original political parties of Jefferson and Hamilton?
human effort directed toward producing goods andservices: labor
If they were born outside of the US but both of their parents are citizens or one parent is a citizen that has actually lived in the US: How can an American citizen obtain dual citizenship?
Immigrant: People who move permanatly to a new country
Implied Powers: What type of powers does the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution give Congress?
In order to figure out what the people want: Why might a lawmaker want to interact with a lobbyist?
In order to pay off debt for the French and Indian War: Why did Great Britain raise taxes on American colonists after 1763?
income tax: Tax on people's earnings
Independence: Self-reliance and freedom from outside control?
individual elected by thenational committee who manages the daily operationsof the national party: national party chairperson
individuals and nations working across barriersof distance, culture, and technology: globalization
individuals who start new businesses,introduce new products, and improve managementtechniques: entreprenuer
Intolerable Acts: Act passed by England that restricted the colonists rights and allowed British soldiers to search and move in to colonists' homes
involvement in world affairs: internationalism
issues considered most significant bygovernment officials: public agenda
It gave rights to the citizens, took away power from the monarch, and gave power to Parliament: Why was the English Bill of Rights important to English citizens?
James I: King that granted a charter for Virginia
James II: King that was kicked out of throne and replaced by his daughter and son in law
Jefferson: Who was the founder of the Democratic-Republican Party?
John Dickinson: Man that urged his fellow delegates to the Constitutiona Convention to ratify the constitution, even if it wasn't perfect
Josiah Martain: The last royal governor of North Carolina
judicial: Branch of government that interprets and applies the laws
King John: Monarch that signed the Magna Carta and treated citizens harshly
legislation to prevent new monopolies fromforming and police those that already exist: antitrust law
legislative: Lawmaking branch of government
Legislature: A lawmaking body
line of rulers from the same family: dynasty
Magna Carta: English document stating that no one was above the law, gave rights to landholding citizens, and protected the nobles' rights
majority rule: A pricniple of democracy in which when differences of opinion arise, citizens abide by what most people want
Marked the beginning of self government in America: What is the historical significance of Virginia's House of Burgesses?
mass murder of a people because of their race,religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture: genocide
Mayflower Compact: Written plan for government signed by the Plymouth colonists
measure of responsiveness relating changein quantity demanded to a change in price: demand elasticity
measure of the change in price overtime of a specific group of goods and services: consumer price index
measure such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign government’s actions: sanctions
Mercantilism: Theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys
metallic form of money such as pennies, nickels, anddimes: coin
Migration: The mass movement of people from one area to another
Monarch: A king or queen
money income left after all taxes on ithave been paid: disposable income
money income left after necessitieshave been bought and paid for: discretionary income
NAFTA: What group helps with trade in North America?
nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another, more powerful country: satellite
Naturalization: The legal process by which foreigners can become a citizen
newspapers, magazines, newsletters, andbooks: print media
Nineteenth: Amendment giving women the right to vote
Ninth: Amendment saying that rights not listed in the constitution cannot be taken away from the people
nonprofit service cooperative that acceptsdeposits, makes loans, and provides other financialservices: credit union
not having enough resources to produce all of thethings we would like to have: scarcity
one: How many votes did each state have under the Articles of Confederation?
organization of European nations whosegoal is to encourage economic integration into a singlemarket in Europe: european union
Parliament: Lawmaking body of England
part of the business cycle in which economicactivity increases: expansion
part of the business cycle in which the nation’soutput does not grow for at least six months: recession
Patriotism: Love for one's country
period of prosperity in a business cycle in whicheconomic activity is at its highest point: peak
Petition: A formal request
policy of reduced trade barriers: free trade
policy of trade restrictions to protectdomestic industries: protectionism
policy that involves changing the rate ofgrowth of the money supply in circulation in order toaffect the cost and availability of credit: monetary policy
Popular sovereignty: Notion that power lies with the people
Popular Sovereignty, Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, rule of law, and federalism: 5 main principles listed in the Constitution
Preamble: Part of the Constitution that explains why it was written
precedent: A ruling in an earlier case used as a basis for a ruling of a current case
previously manufactured goods used to makeother goods and services: capital
Private interest groups work only for a certian group while public interest groups work for the common good: What is the difference between private and public interest groups?
product often used with another product: complement
programs intended to make up for pastdiscrimination by helping minority groups and womengain access to jobs and opportunities: affirmative action
programs that require welfare recipients toexchange some of their labor in return for benefits: workfare
Public Policy: A course of government action to achieve community goals
purchase or sale of U.S. governmentbonds and Treasury bills: open market operations
putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted: double jeopardy
radio, television, and the Internet: electronic media
rain containing high amounts of chemicalpollutants: acid rain
Ratify: To approve
refusal to sign a bill or resolution: veto
repeal: To cancel
Representative democracy: A type of democracy in which citizens choose representatives to represent them in the government
representative of an interest group who contactslawmakers or other government officials directly toinfluence their policy making: lobbyist
representatives from the 50 state partyorganizations who run a political party: national committee
requirements for survival, such as food, clothing,and shelter: needs
Reserved powers: Powers given only to the state
responsiveness of quantity supplied to achange in price: supply elasticity
reward offered to try to persuade people to takecertain economic actions: incentive
Rhode Island: What state did not have a delegate to the Constitutional Convention?
rule of law: Term that means that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
Second: Amendment giving the right to bear arms
second primary election between the twocandidates who received the most votes in the firstprimary election: runoff primary
separation of powers: What was the main thing that the Virginia Plan called for?
separation of powers: Another word for the split between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
Separation of powers, checks and balances, not created by legislature but by a special convention: How did the Massachusetts state constitution differ from most other state constitutions?
Seventeenth: Amendment about the direct election of senators
Seventh: Amendment saying that a jury must be granted in any civil suit over $20
several adjoining precincts making up a largerelection unit: ward
Sign a statement saying that they want to become a citizen: What is the first step an alien takes to become a citizen?
simplified representation of the real worldthat economists develop to describe how the economybehaves and is expected to perform in the future: economic model
singling out an individual as a suspect dueto appearance of ethnicity: racial profiling
situation in which quantity demanded is greaterthan quantity supplied: shortage
situation in which quantity supplied is greaterthan quantity demanded; situation in which governmentspends less than it collects in revenues: surplus
situation in which the value of the productsexported by a country exceeds the value of its imports: trade surplus
situation in which the value of the productsimported by a country exceeds the value of its exports: trade deficit
Sixteenth: Amendment giving congress the right to collect taxes
Sixth: Amendment saying that you must be told of your charges, gives accused a jury, gives lawyer
So they can tell if their actions are effective to the citizens: Why are government officials interested in public opinion?
Spaniards: Who were the first immigrants to what is now the United States?
spoken untruths that are harmful to one's reputation: slander
Stamp Act: Act passed by England requiring all colonists to attatch expensive tax stamps to newspapers and legal documents
sustained increase in the general level of prices: inflation
system combining characteristics of morethan one type of economy: mixed economy
system in which individuals own thefactors of production and make economic decisionsthrough free interaction: market economy
system of laws that separated racial and ethnicgroups and limited the rights of blacks in South Africa: apartheid
table showing quantities demanded atdifferent possible prices: demand schedule
table showing quantities supplied atdifferent possible prices: supply schedule
tangible products that we use to satisfy our wantsand needs: goods
Tariffs and quotas: What are the 2 main common barriers to trade?
Tea Act: Act passed by England that did not require the East Indian Trading Company to pay taxes on tea, which allowed them to sell it cheaper
television: What is the most common way form of media?
Tenth: Amendment saying that all powers not given to the government are given to the people
Terrorism: The use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can: What is comparitave advantage?
the ability of a country to producea good at a lower opportunity cost: comparative advantage
the act of buyers and sellers freely andwillingly engaging in market transactions: voluntary exchange
the additional or extra benefit associatedwith an action: marginal benefit
the additional or extra opportunity costassociated with an action: marginal cost
the alternative you face if you decide to do onething rather than another: trade off
the amount of goods and services that producersare able and willing to sell at various prices during aspecified time period: supply
the amount of satisfaction one gets from a good orservice: utility
The Articles: Part of the Constitutionthat explains how the government works
The Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the US that was very weak
the breaking down of a job into separate,smaller tasks to be performed individually: division of labor
the careful preservation and protection ofnatural resources: conservation
the concept that people are normally willingto buy less of a product if the price is high andmore of it if the price is low: law of demand
The Constitution is the Supreme law of the land: What does Article 6 say?
The constitution will take effect after 9 states ratify it: What does article 7 say?
the cost of the next best alternative use oftime and money when choosing to do one thing ratherthan another: opportunity cost
the course of action the government takes inresponse to an issue or problem: public policy
the degree to which resources are beingused efficiently to produce goods and services: productivity
the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a goodor service: demand
the difference between the value of anation’s exports and its imports: balance of trade
the driving force that encourages individualsand organizations to improve their material well being: profit motive
The Electoral College: Who votes for the president?
The EU: What group in Europe helps link the countries so they can trade more easily?
The FCC or the Federal Communications Commissions: What is one government group that regulates broadcasts?
the federal government’s use of spending andtaxation policies to affect overall business activity: fiscal policy
The First Continental Congress: What group sent a letter to King George III asking that the Intolorable Acts be repealed?
the freedom to own and use ourown property as we choose as long as we do notinterfere with the rights of others: private property rights
the ideas and attitudes that most peoplehold about elected officials, candidates, government,and political issues: public opinion
the interest rate the Fed charges on its loans: discount rate
the leader of the executive branch of aparliamentary government: prime minister
The Massachusetts Constitution: What constitution was used as the basis for the American Constitution?
the material well being of an individual,group, or nation measured by how well their necessitiesand luxuries are satisfied: standard of living
the methods or processes used to make goodsand services: technology
the money a business receives for its products orservices over and above its costs: profit
the most powerfulcommittee of the Fed, because it makes the decisionsthat affect the economy as a whole by manipulating themoney supply: federal open market committee
the most votes among all those running for apolitical office: purality
The national government make laws that affect the entire country while state governments only make laws for their individual state: How so the general duties of the national governmant differ from those of the state governments?
the payment people receive when they lend moneyor allow someone else to use their money: interest
the percentage of people in the civilianlabor force who are not working but are looking forjobs: unemployment rate
the power of the hereditary ruleris limited by the country’s constitution: constitutional monarchy
the price at which the amount producersare willing to supply is equal to the amount consumersare willing to buy: equilibrum price
the price of one nation’s currency in termsof another nation’s currency: exchange rate
the principle that suppliers will normallyoffer more for sale at higher prices and less at lowerprices: law of supply
the promise made by a manufacturer or a sellerto repair or replace a product within a certain timeperiod if it is faulty: warranty
the release of secret government information byanonymous government officials to the media: leak
the responsibility of consumers to respectthe rights of producers and sellers: ethical behavior
the right of government to take private property for public use: eminent domain
the right to vote: suffrage
the rights of full citizenship and equality underthe law: civil rights
the role of consumer as the rulerof the market, determining what products will beproduced: consumer soverieignty
the social separation of the races: segregation
the states: What does Article 4 of the Constitution deal with?
the struggle that goes on between buyers andsellers to get the best products at the lowest prices: competition
the study of how individuals and nations makechoices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfilltheir needs and wants: economics
the surrender of powers to local authorities bya central government: devolution
the total demand of all consumers for aproduct or service: market demand
the total of all the supply schedules of allthe businesses that provide the same good or service: market supply
the unintended side effect of an action thataffects someone not involved in the action: externality
things we would like to have, such as entertainment,vacations, and items that make life comfortableand enjoyable: wants
Third: Amendment saying that you cannot be forced to hold soldiers in your home in times of peace
Thirteenth: Amendment abolishing slavery
timed deposit that states the amountof the deposit, maturity, and rate of interest being paid: certificate of deposit
To decide whether or not they should break away from Britain: Why did colonists gather at the Second Continental Congress?
To help domestic industries: Why do nations place quotas on imported goods?
To make others look bad or to see how the public reacts: Why would a government official leak information to the media?
to promote a social, economic, or moral issue: Why do single issue parties form?
To protect the rights of the people: According to the Declaration of Independence, what is the purpose of government?
to sell goods to other countries; or a good producedin one country, then sold to another: export
to set aside income for a period of time so that itcan be used later: saving
total dollar value of all finalgoods and services produced in a country during asingle year: Gross Domestic Product
Townshend Acts: Act passed by England that levied new taxes on goods imported to the colonies
trade agreement designed to reduce tariff barriers betweenMexico, Canada, and the United States: north american free trade agreement
Twelfth: Amendment saying that the president and vice president can be elected together (the runner up is not VP)
Twentieth: Amendment setting the date of when the presidential term ends and tells what happens if the president dies in office
Twenty-fifth: AMendment talking about what happens if the president is disabled
Twenty-first: Amendment repealing the prohibition of alcohol
Twenty-fourth: Amendment getting rid of poll taxes
Twenty-second: Amendment setting the term limit for a president to two terms (10 years)
Twenty-seventh: Amendment saying that congress cannot give themselves a payraise mid year
Twenty-sixth: Amendment lowering the voting age to 18
Twenty-third: Amendment giving electors to DC in presidential elections
unfair treatment based on prejudice againsta certain group: discrimination
upward sloping line that graphically showsthe quantities supplied at each possible price: supply curve
Virginia had bicameral legislature based on population and New Jersey had a unicameral legislature with equal representation: What was the main difference between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?
Voluntarily give it up (must be done in a foreign country with a formal oath signed in the presence of an American official): What is the most common way that a person loses American citizenship?
when people, businesses, regions, and ornations concentrate on goods and services that theycan produce better than anyone else: specialization
Whether or not you have to declare your political party before you vote: What is the difference between an open and closed primary?
William and Mary: People that came into power after the Glorious Revolution
work performed by a person for someone elseservicesresources necessary to producegoods and services: factors of production
written untruths that are harmful to one's career: libel
WTO: What group helps encourage trade among the world?