- a heavy wheeled plow with an iron plowshare: carruca
- after the death of clovis: his son charles martel came to the frankish throne
- atilla: leader of the huns
- charlemagne's carolingian renaissane was charaterized by:: the religous works produced by the benedictine monastic scriptoria
- compurgation: trial by jury, you say what you think happened, 12-15 people had to agree
- consequences of the fourth crusade:: the byzantine empire was eventually restored into mediterranean power, the city of constantinople was sacked by the crusaders, the cenetians managed to destory their economic competition
- constantine's most enduring reform, and his biggest project was: creation of a "new rome" on the bosphorus
- feudalism of medieval europe was primarily: a rigid hierarchial system that varried from place to place
- guilt under the germanic customary law was determined by: compurgation and ordeal
- in medieval society, who could become a knight?: the sons of nobility
- justinian's conquests: restored the imperial mediterranean world
- justinian's most important contributation to wester civilization may have been his: coidification of law
- leaders of the second crusade:: emperor conrad III of Germany, King Louis VII of france, and saint bernard of Claivaux
- manoralism in the eleventh and twelth centuries: meant serfs could not leave the estate without the lord's permission
- maybe not on test next few???: ?
- missy domunichi: messengers of the frankish empire
- monasteries in the early middle ages were well known for: providing hospitality and shelter to weary travelers
- Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the: Hegira
- new technalogical developments in agricultural included: iron hoes, the use of a carruca, the use of horseshoes, and the use of the three field system
- next few def on test...: ....
- overall, the crusades: failed in their efforts to keep the Holy Land for Christians
- pope gregory the great: created the foundation for an independent papal state
- pope urban II at the council of clermont in 1095:: promiced remissions on sins for all men who joined the crucades
- statements about the vikings:: christiniaty assimilateed them into european civilization, their raids and settlements aided the growth of fief holding, and their weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsabile for their sucessful raids
- sulla's legacy and importance was: that he became the example of how the army could be used to wield political power in rome
- the "hierarchihiical" fief holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing their services was known as: subinfeudination
- the aristocracy of the middle ages: was reguarded was the "defender of Christian society"
- the basic staple of the peasant diet was: bread
- the basis of feudalism: minorialism
- the byzantine empire by the year 1025: reached its largest territorial size since the seventh century
- the cardinal principal of the islamioc faith is that there is only one God and ___ is his most important and final prophet: Muhammad
- the coronation of charlemagne in the year 8-- as emperor of the romans:: symbolized the foundation of a new european civilization
- the counterpart to the pope in rome: the patriarch
- the first frankish king to be annointed in a holy ceramony by the pope was: charlemagne
- the idea that divine forces would protect the innocent: ordeal
- the islamic city in spain that served as the umayyad capital was eyrope's largest city after constantinople was: cordoba
- the lord vassal relationship of medieval europe: was an honorable relationship between free men based on loyalty
- The Mayagers: were origionally from western asia
- the must lucrative (money making) industry in constantinople was: silk
- the name for writing rooms in monastaries: scriptorios
- the name of an unbeliever: infidel
- the name of the journey of muhammed and his followers: the hegira
- the name of the pilgrimage to mecca: the hajj
- the practice of living life as a monk: monasticisim
- the primary instrument of pope gregory for converting the pagen peoples of germanic europe was: monasticism
- the reforms of the gaius and tiberius gacchus: resulted in further instability and violence as the conflict erupted between different social groups
- the successors to Muhammad's leadershiop of the Muslim world were known as: caliphs
- the____rule became the fundamental form on monastic life in the western church:: benadictine
- wergeld: the amount of money paid by a wrong doers family to the victim
- western europe monasticism was NOT characterized by: the monks living in great wealth
- what did abu abase do to the umayyad dynasty?: ended the dynasty and began the abbasid dynasty
- what helped to alieviate hard life from peasantss: feast days from clergy , holy days
- what is the holiest city in islam?: mecca
- what three groups created feudalism?: vikings, muslims, and the manguers who were people from hungary
- what was the manner of political/economic orginization of the arabs who settled in the arabian peninsula in the 7th century?: a loosely connected tribal society who shephereded or raided trading bands
- what were some results of the roman wars of 43-41 b.c.?: the defeat of caser's assassins, the demise of republican institutions, and the rule of octavian
- what were the two divisions of islam?: shi'ites and sunnies
- which group of people had most lasting germanic kingdom: the franks
- who called for crusades to take place?: pope urban II
- who established the frankish kingdom: clovis
- who were the heads of christian communities: abbots
- who wrote the rules of living a monk life?: st. bonedict